Blending, petroleum

Changes in the strength of the coke product were studied by blending petroleum coke simply at 5% and 10% into base blends ... 

Petroleum coke is assumed to be the same as inert matter of coal as described above. Decrease in Ro of the blend is compensated by coals other than petroleum coke. By considering the amount of blended petroleum coke, the blend is designed so that MF of the blend may be maintained only with that of coals in the base blend, on the assumption, however, that petroleum coke has a log[MF] of 0. Particulars in this case are shown in Table IV. 

Alcohols and Ethers Blended with Gasoline, Pub. 4261, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C., Chapt. 4, pp. 23—27. 

H. C. Wolff, "German Pield Test Results on Methanol Euels MlOO and M15," American Petroleum Institute 48th Midyear RefiningMeeting (Session on Oxygenates and Oxygenate-Gasohne Blends as Motor Euels) May 11, 1983. 

PET is based on petroleum and the price of polyester fiber fluctuates with the price of -xylene and ethylene raw materials as well as with the energy costs for production. With the abiUty to interchange with other fibers, especially cotton iu cotton blends, the price of polyester is affected by the price and avadabihty of cotton as well as the supply and demand of polyester. 

The heavy vacuum bottoms stream is fed to a Flexicoking unit. This is a commercial (125,126) petroleum process that employs circulating fluidized beds at low (0.3 MPa (50 psi)) pressures and intermediate temperatures, ie, 480—650°C in the coker and 815—980°C in the gasifier, to produce high yields of hquids or gases from organic material present in the feed. Residual carbon is rejected with the ash from the gasifier fluidized bed. The total Hquid product is a blend of streams from Hquefaction and the Flexicoker. 

W. C. Healy, Jr., C. W. Maassen, and R. T. Peterson, A New Approach to Blending Octanes, paper presented at 24th Mid-year Meeting of the American Petroleum Institute s Division of Refining, New York, May 27, 1959. 

Low temperature filtration (qv) is a common final refining step to remove paraffin wax in order to lower the pour point of the oil (14). As an alternative to traditional filtration aided by a propane or methyl ethyl ketone solvent, catalytic hydrodewaxing cracks the wax molecules which are then removed as lower boiling products. Finished lubricating oils are then made by blending these refined stocks to the desired viscosity, followed by introducing additives needed to provide the required performance. Table 3 Usts properties of typical commercial petroleum oils. Methods for measuring these properties are available from the ASTM (10). 

Many older finishes can be removed with single solvents or blends of petroleum solvents and oxygenates. Varnish can be removed with mineral spirits, shellac can be stripped with alcohols, and lacquers can be removed with blends of acetates and alcohols (lacquer thinners). The removal mechanism is one of dissolving the coating, then washing the surface or wiping away the finish. This method is often used to reamalgamate or liquefy old finishes on antique items of furniture. 

To overcome these difficulties, drilling fluids are treated with a variety of mud lubricants available from various suppHers. They are mostly general-purpose, low toxicity, nonfluorescent types that are blends of several anionic or nonionic surfactants and products such as glycols and glycerols, fatty acid esters, synthetic hydrocarbons, and vegetable oil derivatives. Extreme pressure lubricants containing sulfurized or sulfonated derivatives of natural fatty acid products or petroleum-base hydrocarbons can be quite toxic to marine life and are rarely used for environmental reasons. Diesel and mineral oils were once used as lubricants at levels of 3 to 10 vol % but this practice has been curtailed significantly for environmental reasons. 

Emulsions of fatty- and petroleum-based substances, both oils and waxes, of the o/w type are made by using blends of sorbitan fatty esters and their poly(oxyethylene) derivatives. Mixtures of poly(oxyethylene(20)) sorbitan monostearate (Polysorbate 60) and sorbitan monostearate are typical examples of blends used for lotions and creams. Both sorbitan fatty acid esters and their poly(oxyethylene) derivatives are particularly advantageous in cosmetic uses because of their very low skin irritant properties. Sorbitan fatty ester emulsifiers for w/o emulsions of mineral oil are used in hair preparations of both the lotion and cream type. Poly(oxyethylene(20)) sorbitan monolaurate is useflil in shampoo formulations (see Hairpreparations). Poly(oxyethylene) sorbitan surfactants are also used for solubilization of essential oils in the preparation of colognes and after-shave lotions. 

In some cases, a mixture of natural petroleum feedstock is preblended with synthetic alkylated aromatics, such as detergent aromatic alkylate bottoms or with first-intent synthetic mono- or dialkylated aromatics, selected to provide a suitable molecular weight for cosulfonation and subsequent processing. The use of blended feedstocks may eliminate the need for conducting an oil extraction—concentrating step, particularly for a typical 40% Ca or Mg petroleum sulfonated product. 

Ozokerite and Geresin Waxes. 02okerite wax [8001-75-0] was a product of Poland, Austria, and in the former USSR where it was mined. Tme o2okerite no longer seems to be an article of commerce, and has been replaced with blends of petroleum-derived paraffin and microcrystalHne waxes. These blends are designed to meet the specific physical properties required by the appHcation involved. 

Geresin wax [8001 -75-0] originally was a refined and bleached o2okerite wax, but now is a paraffin wax of very narrow molecular weight distribution or blend of petroleum waxes. 

Gokes derived from resids or blends of resids with other petroleum feedstocks give high GTE values and are utilized as fillers for aluminum anodes and certain specialty carbon and graphite products. The remaining properties differ depending on the final appHcation. Alow ash content is required for... 

Oil well cements (78) are usually made from Pordand cement clinker and may also be blended cements. The American Petroleum Institute Specification for Materials and Testing for Well Cements API Specification 10) (78) includes requirements for nine classes of oil well cements. They are specially produced for cementing the steel casing of gas and oil wells to the walls of the bore-hole and to seal porous formations (79). Under these high temperature and pressure conditions ordinary Pordand cements would not dow propedy and would set prematurely. Oil well cements are more coarsely ground than normal, and contain special retarding admixtures. 

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