Gases from Organisms

Organisms of fermentative type metabolism produce CO2 and H2. Some bacteria can produce oxygen. Some bacteria can convert nitrates to nitrogen dioxide or ammonia. Some of these gases are corrosive (52). 

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The heavy vacuum bottoms stream is fed to a Flexicoking unit. This is a commercial (125,126) petroleum process that employs circulating fluidized beds at low (0.3 MPa (50 psi)) pressures and intermediate temperatures, ie, 480—650°C in the coker and 815—980°C in the gasifier, to produce high yields of hquids or gases from organic material present in the feed. Residual carbon is rejected with the ash from the gasifier fluidized bed. The total Hquid product is a blend of streams from Hquefaction and the Flexicoker. 

The covolume factors nost recently used by Mader11 for H 0, COa, and Na (and thus, by inference, for iso-electronic CO) were further adjusted from Cowan and Fickett s values so as best to reproduce experimental Hugoniots15-16 i.e., H 0, 360-+250 COa, 670- 600 Ns, 380— 380 CO, 390—>390. The k/s for the minor detonation species, CH, H2, NO, and 0, in current K-W detonation computations remain the theoretical values derived from calculated molecular dimensions. In the light of this fact and because H 0, C02, N, and CO are usually considered to comprise 98+% of the detonation gases from organic C-H-N-0 explosives, it is noteworthy that Mader s k s for the major detonation species are closely proportional to their molecular weights (Table II). 

Gassanova, L. G., Netrusov, A. I., Teplyakov, V. V., Modigell, M. (2006). Fuel gases from organic wastes using membrane hioreactors. Desalination, 198, 56—66. 

Relative Yield of Gas from Organic Matter in Fine-Grained Sediments... 

After the SO converter has stabilized, the 6—7% SO gas stream can be further diluted with dry air, I, to provide the SO reaction gas at a prescribed concentration, ca 4 vol % for LAB sulfonation and ca 2.5% for alcohol ethoxylate sulfation. The molten sulfur is accurately measured and controlled by mass flow meters. The organic feedstock is also accurately controlled by mass flow meters and a variable speed-driven gear pump. The high velocity SO reaction gas and organic feedstock are introduced into the top of the sulfonation reactor,, in cocurrent downward flow where the reaction product and gas are separated in a cyclone separator, K, then pumped to a cooler, L, and circulated back into a quench cooling reservoir at the base of the reactor, unique to Chemithon concentric reactor systems. The gas stream from the cyclone separator, M, is sent to an electrostatic precipitator (ESP), N, which removes entrained acidic organics, and then sent to the packed tower, H, where SO2 and any SO traces are adsorbed in a dilute NaOH solution and finally vented, O. Even a 99% conversion of SO2 to SO contributes ca 500 ppm SO2 to the effluent gas. 

Oxidation and chlorination of the catalyst are then performed to ensure complete carbon removal, restore the catalyst chloride to its proper level, and maintain full platinum dispersion on the catalyst surface. Typically, the catalyst is oxidized in sufficient oxygen at about 510°C for a period of six hours or more. Sufficient chloride is added, usually as an organic chloride, to restore the chloride content and acid function of the catalyst and to provide redispersion of any platinum agglomeration that may have occurred. The catalyst is then reduced to return the metal components to their active form. This reduction is accompHshed by using a flow of electrolytic hydrogen or recycle gas from another Platforming unit at 400 to 480°C for a period of one to two hours. 

Synthesis gas from the gasifier is first cleaned to remove gasifier tars and organic sulfur, and the composition of the gas is adjusted ia a catalytic shift converter to raise the hydrogen content... 

Recovery of Riologieal Conversion Products Biological conversion produces that can be derived from solid wastes include compost, methane, various proteins and alcohols, and a variety of other intermediate organic compounds. The principal processes that have been used are reported in Table 25-64. Composting and anaerobic digestion, the two most highly developed processes, are considered further. The recovery of gas from landfills is discussed in the portion of this sec tion dealing with ultimate disposal. 

Wastes from petroleum refining, natural gas purification and pyrolitic treatment of coal Wastes from inorganic chemical processes Wastes from organic chemical processes... 

It is clear from the analysis of gaseous reactor effluent that there were variations in the extent of organic contaminant combustion. Some carbon dioxide was observed in the effluent gas from the reactor in most of the tests. However, with fluorobenzene at 300°C we estimate that only about 2.5 % of the fluorobenzene was combusted based on the amount of CO2 observed. This is in contrast to the 30 to 50 % combustion of dibromoethane, dibromoethene, dichloroethane,... 

Sometimes it may become necessary to shut-in a gas well when the demand for gas is low. In such instances, the well is shut-in for an indefinite period, after which it is reopened and production is resumed. It often has been found that the production rate of gas from the reopened well is substantially less than it was before the well was shut-in. During production, the inner wall of the production tubing will be coated with a film of condensed freshwater because of the geothermal gradient. This water flows down when production is interrupted and can cause formation damage. This may occur because clays are normally saturated with brine water and not with freshwater. This swelling can be prevented with the injection of some additive, for example, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, or an alcohol or a similar organic material [1853]. 

Hybrid (aerobic-anaerobic). The hybrid bioreactor landfill accelerates waste degradation by employing a sequential aerobic-anaerobic treatment to rapidly degrade organics in the upper sections of the landfill and collect gas from lower sections. Operation as a hybrid results in an earlier onset of methanogenesis compared to aerobic landfills. 

A method using vaporisation at low temperature in an atmosphere of organic-free gas, an extension of the method of Skopintsev and Timofeyeva [90], was developed by MacKinnon [91]. Contamination from organic vapours in the laboratory air was a major problem as soon as this was understood, and... 

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