Atomic absorption analysis inductively coupled plasma

Rubidium metal is commeicially available in essentially two grades, 99 + % and 99.9 + %. The main impurities ate other alkali metals. Rubidium compounds are available in a variety of grades from 99% to 99.99 + %. Manufacturers and suppliers of mbidium metal and mbidium compounds usually supply a complete certificate of analysis upon request. Analyses of metal impurities in mbidium compounds are determined by atomic absorption or inductive coupled plasma spectroscopy (icp). Other metallic impurities, such as sodium and potassium, are determined by atomic absorption or emission spectrograph. For analysis, mbidium metal is converted to a compound such as mbidium chloride. 

Atomic absorption and inductively coupled plasma spectrometers are metal-selective spectrometers used for organic metal analysis. The connection of these spectroscopic instruments to a liquid chromatograph is relatively simple. Chromatograms of alkylmercury3 and aminoplatinum analytes4 are shown in Figures 2.8 and 2.9, respectively. 

Wet chemical methods involve sophisticated sample preparation and standardization with National Bureau of Standards reference materials but are not difficult for the analytical chemist nor necessarily time consuming (Figure 1). The time from sample preparation to final results for various analytical methods, such as GFAA (graphite furnace atomic absorption), ICP (inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy), ICP-MS (ICP-mass spectrometry), and colorimetry, ranges from 0.5 to 5.0 h, depending on the technique used. Colorimetry is the method of choice because of its extreme accuracy. Typical results of the colorimetric analysis of doped oxides are shown in Tables I and II, which show the accuracy and precision of the measurements. 

The analysis of the silver content in the silver compositions of this invention may be done by atomic absorption (AA), inductively coupled plasma/atomic emission (ICP/AES), or other techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art to be sensitive to silver in the appropriate concentration range. If the particles of the silver composition are small and uniformly sized (for example, 0.01 micrometers or less), a reasonably accurate assay may be obtained by running the colloid directly by AA or ICP/AES. This is because the sample preparation for AA ionizes essentially all of the silver allowing its ready detection. 

Elemental analysis generally poses no problems because of the limited stability of the compounds and the formation of elemental gold in decomposition and combustion, which does not form carbides, nitrides, or other interstitial phases. Atomic absorption and inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy are presently the methods of choice for An estimation. Many organogold compounds are sufficiently volatile to allow registration of good mass spectra by gas-phase electron impact. Field desorption, fast-atom bombardment, and chemical ionization mass spectrometry have also been successfully applied. 

Ingram (1962) and Ma and Rittner (1979) have summarized many techniques for specific metal analysis. Since humic substances are generally low in ash content, the most applicable approaches are to determine metals by atomic absorption or inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy after appropriate dissolution of the sample. 

Keywords Trace elements Radionuclides Environment Water Soil Aerosol Plant Neutron activation analysis Atomic absorption spectrometry Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry X-ray fluorescence Electrochemical methods Speciation... 

Bulk chemical analysis X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy Atomic absorption spectroscopy Inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy Direct-current plasma emission spectroscopy Arc emission spectroscopy Gravimetry Combustion Kjeldahl Impurities... 

The objective of this symposium and this book is to acquaint the readers with the latest advances in the field of elemental analysis and to focus on what avenues of future research to explore in this area. The subjects included are various elemental analysis techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma emission and mass spectrometry, isotope dilution mass spectrometry. X-ray fluorescence, ion chromatography, gas chromatography-atomic emission detection, other hyphenated techniques, hetero-atom microanalysis, sample preparation, reference materials, and other subjects related to matrices such as petroleum products, lubricating oils and additives, crude oils, used oils, catalysts, etc. 

After this brief review of theory, let us turn our attention to existing practice, as exemplified In environmental methods of analysis. Environmental methods of analysis employ many of the common analytical Instruments In analyzing a wide spectrum of chemicals In a variety of matrices. Instruments commonly used Include spectrophotometers (atomic absorption, visible. Inductively coupled plasma), gas chromatographs (with a variety of detectors. Including the mass spectrometer), and automatic analyzers. 

Multielement analytical techniques - atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. X-ray fluorescence, neutron activation analysis, etc. - are used. The experimentation can be done directly on the mineral matter of the coal sample after the removal of the organic matter by a prolonged treatment of activation with oxygen plasma (low-temperature ashing). Neutron activation is also applied to online analyses of coal and fly-ashes on feeding-belts in order to provide information on a continuous basis. 

Although originally FIA was conceived as a special technique for delivery of a sample segment into the instrument, the combination of flow injection as a sample pretreatment tool with atomic spectrometry has been shown to be of great potential for enhancing the selectivity and sensitivity of the measurements. Moreover, contamination problems are reduced due to the closed system used, making this interface suitable for ultratrace determination of metal species. Hyphenated techniques such as FIA/ SIA with flame atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-optical emission spectrometry, and ICP-mass spectrometry (MS) have been exploited extensively in recent years. The major attraction of FIA-ICP-MS is its exceptional multi-elemental sensitivity combined with high speed of analysis. In addition, the possibility of... 

There are many techniques [26] for characterization of HPOPs. Spectroscopic methods such as infrared spectroscopy, visible spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), atomic absorption (AA), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA),... 

Benier, P. M., and Howell, J. (1994).Tutorial review. Advanced electroanalytical techniques versus atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in environmental analysis. Hnii/yst (London) 119(2), 219. 

The analytical techniques used for additives analysis are reviewed below. They are mainly chromatographic but enzymatic, flow injection analysis, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and atomic absorption methods are also used. 

In an interlab oratory study involving 160 accredited hazardous materials laboratories reported by Kimbrough and Wakakuwa [28], each laboratory performed a mineral acid digestion on five soils spiked with arsenic, cadmium, molybdenum, selenium and thallium. Analysis of extracts was carried out by atomic emission spectrometry, inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry, flame atomic absorption spectrometry and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. 

Characterisation methods. Vanadium and phosphorus contents were determined by an ICP analysis (inductive coupled plasma atomic absorption) after dissolution in 0.1 M nitric acid, carbon by measuring the amount of CO2 produced by total oxidation using Coulomat 702 Stroelheim. The BET specific surface area was obtained using ASPAP 2000 (Micromeritics) by nitrogen adsorption at - 196 °C after degassing samples at 125 °C. 

Several techniques have been used for the determination of aluminium, the best being neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The latter technique has been most widely used. Separation of aluminium species in plasma can be accomplished by ultrafiltration and by gel permeation chromatography. Several forms of aluminium appear to exist in plasma. 

The detection limits of the old methods for the determination of arsenic (10) were too high to determine arsenic in uncontaminated biological samples. With the invention of instrumental techniques, such as flame atomic absorption (emission) spectrometry, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, the ubiquity of arsenic in our environment was proven. The improvement of the analytical techniques has changed the reputation of arsenic from a poisonous substance to an essential trace element at least for warm-blooded animals (11). An arsenic requirement for humans cannot be deduced from these animal experiments. In recent literature, there are certainly more hints that arsenic might be an essential trace element for humans, but there is still a lot of future research work necessary to prove this. 

See also Analytical Reagents Purification. Arsenic. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Electrotfiermal. Atomic Mass Spectrometry Inductively Coupled Plasma. Dioxins. Elemental Speciation Oven/iew. Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals. Geochemistry Sediment. Humic and Fulvic Compounds. Isotope Dilution Analysis. Mass... 

See also Archaeometry and Antique Analysis Dating of Artifacts Metaiiic and Ceramic Objects. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Principles and Instrumentation. Atomic Mass Spectrometry Inductively Coupled Plasma. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Mass Spectrometry Time-of-Flight Stable Isotope Ratio Clinical Applications Environmental Applications Food Applications Forensic Applications. 

See also Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Flame. Atomic Emission Spectrometry Inductively Coupled Plasma. Quality Assurance Reference Materials. Water Analysis Seawater - Dissolved Organic Carbon. 

See also Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Principles and Instrumentation. Atomic Emission Spectrometry Inductively Coupled Plasma. Cosmetics and Toiletries. Derivatization of Analytes. Electrophoresis Is-otachophoresls. Environmental Analysis. Enzymes Overview. Extraction Supercritical Fluid Extraction Solid-Phase Extraction Solid-Phase Microextraction. Ion Exchange Ion Chromatography Applications. Liquid Chromatography Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy - Applicable Elements Carbon-13 Phosphorus-31. Perfumes. 

See also Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Interferences and Background Correction. Atomic Emission Spectrometry Principles and Instrumentation Interferences and Background Correction Flame Photometry Inductively Coupled Plasma Microwave-Induced Plasma. Atomic Mass Spectrometry Inductively Coupled Plasma Laser Microprobe. Countercurrent Chromatography Solvent Extraction with a Helical Column. Derivatization of Analytes. Elemental Speciation Overview Practicalities and Instrumentation. Extraction Solvent Extraction Principles Solvent Extraction Multistage Countercurrent Distribution Microwave-Assisted Solvent Extraction Pressurized Fluid Extraction Solid-Phase Extraction Solid-Phase Microextraction. Gas Chromatography Ovenriew. Isotope Dilution Analysis. Liquid Chromatography Ovenriew. 

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