Atmospheric pressure desorption-mass spectrometry

Wei, H. Nolkrantz, K. Powell, D.H. Woods, J.H. Ko, M.-C. Kennedy, R.T. Electrospray Sample Deposition for Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/lonization (MALDI) and Atmospheric Pressure MALDI Mass Spectrometry With Attomole Detection Limits, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 18, 1193-1200 (2004). 

Luosujarvi L, Kanerva S, Saarela V, Franssila S, Kostiainen R, Kotiaho T, Kauppila TJ (2010) Environmental and food analysis by desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 24 1343-1350 Manicke NE, Kistler T, Ifa DR, Cooks RG, Ouyang Z (2009) High-throughput quantitative analysis by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 20 321-325 Martynov IL, Karavanskii VA, Kotkovskii GE, Kuzishchin YA, Tsybin AS, Chistyakov AA (2011) Ion mobility spectrometer with ion source based on laser-irradiated porous silicon. Tech Phys Lett 37 15-18... 

R. D Agata, G. Grasso, S. Parlato, S. Simone, and G. Spoto, The Use of Atmospheric Pressure Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry for the Study of Iron gall Ink, Appl. Phys. A, 89, 91 95 (2007). 

Huikko, K., Oestman, P., Sauber, C., Mandel, F., Grigoras, K., Franssila, S., Kotiaho, T., and Kostiainen, R. (2003). Feasibility of atmospheric pressure desorption/ionization on silicon mass spectrometry in analysis of drugs. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 17 1339-1343. 

From the time of the second edition published in 2001 until now, much progress has been achieved. Several techniques have been improved, others have almost disappeared. New atmospheric pressure desorption ionization sources have been discovered and made available commercially. One completely new instrument, the orbitrap, based on a new mass analyser, has been developed and is now also available commercially. Improved accuracy in low-mass determination, even at low resolution, improvements in sensitivity, better detection limits and more efficient tandem mass spectrometry even on high-molecular-mass compounds are some of the main achievements. We have done our best to include them is this new edition. 

Tonidandel L., Ragazzi E., Roghi G. Traldi P. (2008). Mass spectrometry in the characterization of ambers I. Studies of amber samples of different origin and ages by laser desorption ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and atmospheric ptressure photoionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 22,63(L38, ISSN 0951A198... 

Traditionally, products and adsorbates had to be volatile enough so that they could be carried from the cell into the mass spectrometer, either by headspace sampling, or, more commonly for near-simultaneous analysis (referred to as differential electrochemical mass spectrometry), across a nanoporous, gas-permeable membrane (e.g., Teflon) supported at the tip of a microcapillary placed close to the electrode. Alternatively, a Pt-coated membrane electrode can be used. But the advent of the so-called soft atmospheric pressure desorption/ionization techniques associated with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry has allowed the sampling of the solvent and involatile solutes directly. The spectra are more... 

LicciardeUo, M., D Agata, R., Grasso, G., Simone, S., Spoto, G. (2008) Atmospheric pressure laser desorption mass spectrometry based methods for the study of traditional... 

Most of the mass spectrometry analyses are conducted under vacuum environment. However, ambient mass spectrometry is a rapidly growing field that provides fast and direct analysis of solid sample surfaces or liquid samples introduced on a suitable surface (Alberici et al. 2010 Weston 2010 Huang et al. 2010 Chen et al. 2010). For that, different ambient ionization MS methods, such as atmospheric pressure desorption/ionization on porous silicon (AP-DIOS) (Huikko et al. 2003), desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) (Takats et al. 2004), direct analysis in real time (DART) (Cody et al. 2005), desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (DAPCI) (Takats et al. 2005), and desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization (DAPPI) (Haapala et al. 2007), have been successfully used in the direct analysis of compounds fi"om various samples, such as body fluids (Cody et al. 2005 Chen et al. 2006), finiits, plant leaves (Luosujarvi et al. 2010), milk (Yang et al. 2009), banknotes (Cody et al. 2005), textiles (Cody et al. 2005 Chen et al. 2007), and pharmaceutical formulations (Ifa et al. 2009 Gheen et al. 2010), just to mention a few, without any sample pretreatment. 

Ostman P, Pakaiinen JMH, Vainiotalo P, Franssila S, Kostiainen R, Kotiaho T (2006) Minimum proton affinity for efficient ionization with atmospheric pressure desorption/ionization on silicon mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 20 3669-3673... 

Pihlainen K, Grigoras K, Franssila S, Ketola R, Kotiaho T, Kostiainen R (2005) Analysis of amphetamines and fentanyls by atmospheric pressure desorption/iortization on silicon mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption/iortization mass spectrometry and its application to forensic analysis of drug seizures. J Mass Spectrom 40 539-545... 

Jecklin MC, Gamez G, Touboul D, Zenobi R. Atmospheric pressure glow discharge desorption mass spectrometry for rapid screening of pesticides in food. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2008 22 2791-8. 

Fast atom bombardment (FAB) Plasma desorption (PD) Liquid secondary-ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS) Thermospray (TSP)/plasmaspray (PSP) Electrohydrodynamic ionisation (EHI) Multiphoton ionisation (MPI) Atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) Electrospray ionisation (ESI) Ion spray (ISP) Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) Atmospheric pressure photoionisation (APPI) Triple quadrupole (QQQ) Four sector (EBEB) Hybrid (EBQQ) Hybrid (EB-ToF, Q-ToF) Tandem ToF-ToF Photomultiplier... 

J. M. Wiseman, D. R. Ifa, Q. Song and R. G. Cooks, Tissue imaging at atmospheric pressure using Desorption Electrospray Ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry, Angew. Chem. Int. Edn, 45, 7188 7192 (2006). 

DGE a AC AMS APCI API AP-MALDI APPI ASAP BIRD c CAD CE CF CF-FAB Cl CID cw CZE Da DAPCI DART DC DE DESI DIOS DTIMS EC ECD El ELDI EM ESI ETD eV f FAB FAIMS FD FI FT FTICR two-dimensional gel electrophoresis atto, 10 18 alternating current accelerator mass spectrometry atmospheric pressure chemical ionization atmospheric pressure ionization atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization atmospheric pressure photoionization atmospheric-pressure solids analysis probe blackbody infrared radiative dissociation centi, 10-2 collision-activated dissociation capillary electrophoresis continuous flow continuous flow fast atom bombardment chemical ionization collision-induced dissociation continuous wave capillary zone electrophoresis dalton desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization direct analysis in real time direct current delayed extraction desorption electrospray ionization desorption/ionization on silicon drift tube ion mobility spectrometry electrochromatography electron capture dissociation electron ionization electrospray-assisted laser desorption/ionization electron multiplier electrospray ionization electron transfer dissociation electron volt femto, 1CT15 fast atom bombardment field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry field desorption field ionization Fourier transform Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance... 

V. V. Laiko, M. A. Baldwin, and A. L. Burlingame. Atmospheric Pressure Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionizarion Mass Spectrometry. Anal. Chem., 72(2000) 652-657. 

Several years later, the next step in the application of MS-MS for mixture analysis was developed by Hunt et al. [3-5] who described a master scheme for the direct analysis of organic compounds in environmental samples using soft chemical ionisation (Cl) to perform product, parent and neutral loss MS-MS experiments for identification [6,7]. The breakthrough in LC-MS was the development of soft ionisation techniques, e.g. desorption ionisation (continuous flow-fast atom bombardment (CF-FAB), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) or laser desorption (LD)), and nebulisation ionisation techniques such as thermospray ionisation (TSI), and atmospheric pressure ionisation (API) techniques such as atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI), and electrospray ionisation (ESI). 

Daniel JM, Ehala S, Eriess SD, Zenobi R. 2004. On-line atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Analyst 129 574. 

Electrospray (ESI) is an atmospheric pressure ionization source in which the sample is ionized at an ambient pressure and then transferred into the MS. It was first developed by John Fenn in the late 1980s [1] and rapidly became one of the most widely used ionization techniques in mass spectrometry due to its high sensitivity and versatility. It is a soft ionization technique for analytes present in solution therefore, it can easily be coupled with separation methods such as LC and capillary electrophoresis (CE). The development of ESI has a wide field of applications, from small polar molecules to high molecular weight compounds such as protein and nucleotides. In 2002, the Nobel Prize was awarded to John Fenn following his studies on electrospray, for the development of soft desorption ionization methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules. ... 

Currently, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with atmospheric pressure ionization (API) triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS) is the predominate quantitative technique used in modem pharmaceutical bioanalysis. The key technological achievement in API-MS was the efficient ionization in a liquid stream and transference of ions from atmosphere to vacuum. Of the API approaches developed, electrospray ionization (ESI) is the most commonly used. ESI provides an efficient means of soft ionization amenable to most molecules encountered in a dmg discovery setting. An alternative soft ionization approach is the use of desorption ionization (DI) techniques. The major distinguishing feature of DI techniques is that ions are typically produced from dried samples. 

C. S. Creaser, J. C. Reynolds, and D. J. Harvey, Structural analysis of oligosaccharides by atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 16 (2002) 176-194. 

Technological advances of ion-trap mass spectrometers are the ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) and the recently released technique, the Orbitrap Fourier transform mass spectrometry (Hu et al., 2005), which enable the determination of molecular formulae with a high mass resolution and mass accuracy in mixtures. Today these ion-trap mass spectrometers are most frequently coupled with atmospheric pressure ionization (API) techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI) (e.g., Fievre et al., 1997 Qian et al., 2001 Kujawinski et al., 2002 Llewelyn et al., 2002 Stenson et al., 2002,2003 Fard et al., 2003) or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) (e.g., Solouki et al.,... 

The ionization methods reported for IMS included MALDI [41,76-80], Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) [19, 81-86], Matrix-enhanced (ME)-SIMS [87, 88], Desorption Electrospray Ionization (DESI) [89-99], Nanostructure Initiator Mass Spectrometry (NIMS) [100-102], Atmospheric Pressure Infrared MALDI Mass Spectrometry (AP-IR-MALDI-MS) [103], Laser Ablation-inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) [104-106], Laser Desorption Postionization (LDPI) [107], Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LAESI) [108, 109], and Surface-assisted Laser Desorption/ioniza-tion Mass Spectrometry (SALDI) [110-112], Another method was called probe electrospray ionization (PESI) that was used for both liquid solution and the direct sampling on wet samples. 

Strege summarized the technique of high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in dereplication of natural products. In contrast to earlier electron impact ionization (El), ESI technique is applicable to virtually any ion in solution with a soft ionization process. A comparison of ESI with fast atom bombardment (FAB), matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and other techniques demonstrates its superior sensitivity, compatibility and reliability when coupled with HPLC [51]. 

These direct ion sources exist under two types liquid-phase ion sources and solid-state ion sources. In liquid-phase ion sources the analyte is in solution. This solution is introduced, by nebulization, as droplets into the source where ions are produced at atmospheric pressure and focused into the mass spectrometer through some vacuum pumping stages. Electrospray, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and atmospheric pressure photoionization sources correspond to this type. In solid-state ion sources, the analyte is in an involatile deposit. It is obtained by various preparation methods which frequently involve the introduction of a matrix that can be either a solid or a viscous fluid. This deposit is then irradiated by energetic particles or photons that desorb ions near the surface of the deposit. These ions can be extracted by an electric field and focused towards the analyser. Matrix-assisted laser desorption, secondary ion mass spectrometry, plasma desorption and field desorption sources all use this strategy to produce ions. Fast atom bombardment uses an involatile liquid matrix. 

Identification of the forms thus obtained using complementary molecule-specific techniques (nuclear magnetic resonance infrared [IR] matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization electrospray ionization [ESl]/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry [MS])... 

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