Blackbody infrared radiative dissociation

In blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD) ions are activated by absorbtion of IR photons emitted from the walls of a heated ICR cell [19], The ICR cell is so far the only mass analyzer that meets both essential requirements for successful 

The first requirement is that since BIRD is a very slow-heating method the observation time has to be long (seconds or minutes). Second, the pressure has to be low ( 10-6 torr) so that the risk of dissociation due to collisions with the background gas is negligible. There are close similarities between BIRD and another slow-heating method, IRMPD. 

Even under essentially perfect vacuum where collisional activation is virtually absent ( 10 mbar) ions can undergo slow unimolecular dissociation. As the energy for these fragmentations is provided by the emission of infrared photons by black-body radiation of the vacuum housing, this process is termed blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD) [157]. Blackbody infrared radiation is always present above non-zero temperatures. BIRD dissociations are characterized by reaction times in the order of several seconds to even minutes. Therefore, ICR cells provide the most suitable environment for their study. To vary the wavelength and intensity of IR radiation both the ICR cell and the surrounding vacuum manifold have to be uniformly heated. Typically, temperatures up to about 250°C can be reached in dedicated instruments. This allows to study reaction kinetics where bonds of low to moderate strength are involved [157]. 

Note Routine FT-ICR instruments are not suited for BIRD studies because of restrictions in heat resistance of electronic circuitry in proximity to the ICR cell and potential complications with the superconducting cryomagnet. 

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DGE a AC AMS APCI API AP-MALDI APPI ASAP BIRD c CAD CE CF CF-FAB Cl CID cw CZE Da DAPCI DART DC DE DESI DIOS DTIMS EC ECD El ELDI EM ESI ETD eV f FAB FAIMS FD FI FT FTICR two-dimensional gel electrophoresis atto, 10 18 alternating current accelerator mass spectrometry atmospheric pressure chemical ionization atmospheric pressure ionization atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization atmospheric pressure photoionization atmospheric-pressure solids analysis probe blackbody infrared radiative dissociation centi, 10-2 collision-activated dissociation capillary electrophoresis continuous flow continuous flow fast atom bombardment chemical ionization collision-induced dissociation continuous wave capillary zone electrophoresis dalton desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization direct analysis in real time direct current delayed extraction desorption electrospray ionization desorption/ionization on silicon drift tube ion mobility spectrometry electrochromatography electron capture dissociation electron ionization electrospray-assisted laser desorption/ionization electron multiplier electrospray ionization electron transfer dissociation electron volt femto, 1CT15 fast atom bombardment field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry field desorption field ionization Fourier transform Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance... 

R. C. Dunbar. BIRD (Blackbody Infrared Radiative Dissociation) Evolution, Principles, and Applications. Mass Spectrom. Rev., 23(2004) 127-158. 

Of course, thermochemistry in the form of bond energies can be measured by a variety of other experimental techniques. Key among these are temperature-de-pendent equilibrium methods [64-74]. More recently, absolute BDEs have also been measured using blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD) [75-81] and radiative association [82-84] methods. In addition, precise relative BDEs can be determined using equilibrium [85, 86] and kinetic method procedures [87-90]. Direct comparisons between results of TCID methods and those of these alternative techniques provide some confidence that all these various methods, when adequately interpreted, do yield accurate thermochemistry. 

The problem that the pre-exponential factor cannot be determined from quantitative IRMPD experiments can be circumvented by using an experiment which is called blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD). As in IRMPD experiments, BIRD is usually conducted in FTICR instruments. It does, however, require some special equipment, which is not always available. The BIRD experiment again is based on IR photon exchange with the ions in order to restore thermal equilib-... 

Fragmentation of peptide and protein ions in FT-ICR mass spectrometry may be induced by sustained off-resonance irradiation collision-induced dissociation (SORI-CID) [28], infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) [29,30], blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD) [31,32], surface-induced dissociation (SID) [33,34], and electron capture dissociation (ECD) [35,36]. These techniques are true MS/MS techniques in which the precursor ion is isolated prior to fragmentation. Additional techniques in which ions are not isolated but fragmented before they... 

Principles of Blackbody Infrared Radiative Dissociation (BIRD)... 

Price, W.D. Schnier, P.D. Williams, E.R. Tandem mass spectrometry of large biomolecule ions by blackbody infrared radiative dissociation. Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 859-866. 

Ge, Y Horn, D.M. McLafferty, F.W. Blackbody infrared radiative dissociation of larger (42 kDa) multiply charged proteins. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 2001, 2107211, 203-214. 

Gas-phase metal-ligand bond energies can be measured by a variety of experimental techniques. Measurements of absolute values can be made by temperature-dependent equilibrium methods, " " blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD), " radiative association, " and the TCID method discussed in detail here. Measurements of relative thermochemistry can be accomplished using equilibrium methods, the kinetic method, " and competitive CID (see Section 2.12.5.7). This review cannot include the details of all such measurements. 

Schnier, P.D., Price, W.D., Jockusch, R.A., Williams, E.R. (1996) Blackbody Infrared Radiative Dissociation of Bradykinin and its Analogues Energetics, Dynamics, and Evidence for Salt-bridge Structures in the Gas Phase. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118 7178-7189. 

Gross, D.S., Zhao, Y., Williams, E.R. (1997) Dissociation of heme-globin complexes by blackbody infrared radiative dissociation molecular specificity in the gas phase J.Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.,8,5 9-524. 

Dunbar RC. BIRD (Blackbody infrared radiative dissociation) evolution, principles, and applications. Mass Spectrom Rev. 2004 23 127-58. 

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