Assessment wastes

Environmental Assessment - Waste Form Selection for SRP High-Level Waste. DOE/EA - 0179, Savannah River Operations Office, Aiken, SC, 1982. 

CPE XI returned to Cairo, Egypt in 1997, and papers and posters were presented on adsorption, analytical methods, chemical/biological/treatment, groundwater studies, ion exchange, modeling, risk assessment, waste minimization and treatment, and for the first time, ISO 14001, which focuses on environmental management and quality systems. 

Environmental Assessment. Waste Form Selection For SRP High-Level Waste, D0E/EA-0179, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC. 1982,... 

Results of experiments utilizing crushed rock and equilibration with waste solutions to determine sorption behavior cannot be extrapolated to actual aquifer conditions, even if B.E.T. surface area is known. This technique has been commonly used in the past to assess waste-storage-site safety. As the primary hydraulic conductivity decreases and secondary conductivity becomes more prominent, this methodology becomes less and less viable for input to modeling of waste transport. The method presented in this report should result in more realistic waste-transport modeling. 

When assessing waste disposal I utcs from M large scale municipal facility such as an airport it may be desirable to assess recyclability of the waste stream. A study of plastic composition at Miami, Florida International Airport identified that of the 35 tons/day generated, 12.5 % was plastic by weight. The plastic composition is shown in Table 2.3. Overall, a large percentage of the airport waste was recyclable, with paper, corrugated... 

Gupta, R. S. 2004. Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science, 2nd ed. Rockville, MD ABS Consulting, Government Institute. An introduction to the fundamental principles common to most environmental problems is followed by major sections on water pollution, hazardous wastes and risk assessment, waste treatment, air pollution, global climate change, and hazardous substances. Includes problems to develop skills learned in the text. 

From the PFS the overall mass balance can be calculated water should be included in this since it is of vital importance in energy-balance calculations, determining distillation efficiencies and in assessing waste treatment options. From evaluation of the flow sheets the various routes can be compared in terms of ... 

A. 1218. All normal potential radiation sources (contained and airborne) due to reactor operation and all potential radiation sources throughout the facility that can be identified shall be catalogued in this section. These sources are used as bases for shielding calculations, design of ventilation systems, dose assessment, waste management and determination of effluent releases. 

Spiegel, R.J, Thomeloe, S.A, Trocdola, J.C, Preston, XL. 1999. Fuel cell operation on anaerobic digester gas conceptual design and assessment. Waste Manage. 19(6) 389-399. 

Combined heat and power cogeneration). Combined heat and power generation can have a very significant effect on the generation of utility waste. However, great care must be taken to assess the effects on the correct basis. 

Once the life-cycle inventory has been quantified, we can attempt to characterize and assess the eflfects of the environmental emissions in a life-cycle impact analysis. While the life-cycle inventory can, in principle at least, be readily assessed, the resulting impact is far from straightforward to assess. Environmental impacts are usually not directly comparable. For example, how do we compare the production of a kilogram of heavy metal sludge waste with the production of a ton of contaminated aqueous waste A comparision of two life cycles is required to pick the preferred life cycle. 

The treatment of these issues will be discussed jointly with the health, safety and environment (HSE) departments within the company and with the process and facilities engineers, and their treatment should be designed in conjunction with an environmental impact assessment. Some of the important basic principles for waste management are to ... 

This guarded assessment does not mean that the effort involved in deriving the Eyring equation was wasted-far from it. Several points might be noted ... 

S. B. Alpert and co-workers. Pyrolysis of Solid Wastes A Technical andEconomic Assessment, NTIS PB 218—231, SRI, Menlo Park, Calif., Sept. 1972. 

Computer Models, The actual residence time for waste destmction can be quite different from the superficial value calculated by dividing the chamber volume by the volumetric flow rate. The large activation energies for chemical reaction, and the sensitivity of reaction rates to oxidant concentration, mean that the presence of cold spots or oxidant deficient zones render such subvolumes ineffective. Poor flow patterns, ie, dead zones and bypassing, can also contribute to loss of effective volume. The tools of computational fluid dynamics (qv) are useful in assessing the extent to which the actual profiles of velocity, temperature, and oxidant concentration deviate from the ideal (40). 

Many companies use worker—management teams, suggestion boxes, consultant surveys, suppHer training sessions, and other methods to reduce risk of injuries (see Hazard analysis and risk assessment). The principal regulatory burden falls on wastes and discharges which leave the plant (3,53,54). 

Hazardous Waste Reduction Checklist and Assessment Manualfor the Metal FinishingJndusty, California Department of Health Services, Alternative Technology Division, Toxic Substances Control Program, Sacramento, Calif., 1990. 

Performance assessments are predictions of radioactivity releases, the rate of transfer of contaminants through various media, and the potential for hazard to the pubHc. These are based on a combination of experimental data obtained in the process called site characterization and detaded computations about radionuchdes and their effects. The progressive attack on the metal or ceramic waste container, the diffusion of water into the waste form, the leaching of the radioactive compounds, diffusion out, and washing away of radionuchdes are all considered. 

Models for transport distinguish between the unsaturated zone and the saturated zone, that below the water table. There the underground water moves slowly through the sod or rock according to porosity and gradient, or the extent of fractures. A retardation effect slows the motion of contaminant by large factors in the case of heavy metals. For low level waste, a variety of dose calculations are made for direct and indirect human body uptake of water. Performance assessment methodology is described in Reference 22. 

Funding for developing commercial waste disposal faciUties is to come from the waste generators. In the case of spent fuel disposal, a Nuclear Waste Fund is accumulating based on an assessment of one mill per kilowatt-hour of electricity. For low level wastes, surcharges on waste disposal and direct assessments of utiUties have been imposed. 

J. E. Till and H. R. Meyer, eds.. Radiological Assessment, A Textbook on Environmental Dose Analysis, NUREG/CR-3332, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washiagton, D.C., 1983 Disposal of Radioactive Waste Review of S afety Assessment Methods, Nuclear Energy Agency, Paris, 1991. 

U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Facing America s Trash What Nextfor Municipal Solid Waste OTA-O-424, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1989. 

M. Olszewski, S. J. HiUenbrand, and S. A. Reed, Waste Meat vs. Conventional Systemsfor Greenhouse Environment Control An Economic Assessment, ORNL/TM-5069, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va., 1976. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), USEPM Manualfor Waste Minimi cyation Opportunity Assessments, EPA 600/2-88/025, EPA, Washington, D.C., 1988. 

United States EPA, The EFA Manual for Waste Minimization Oppoiiunity Assessments, Cincinnati, OH, August 1988. 

The application of waste-management practices in the United States has recently moved toward securing a new pollution prevention ethic. The performance of pollution prevention assessments and their subsequent implementation will encourage increased activity into methods that 1 further aid in the reduction of hazardous wastes. One of the most important and propitious consequences of the pollution-prevention movement will be the development of life-cycle design and standardized hfe-cycle cost-accounting procedures. These two consequences are briefly discussed in the two paragraphs that follow. Additional information is provided in a later subsection. 

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