As pollutant

Improving the cetane number by additives results in better engine behavior, as would be predicted by the combustion mechanisms in the diesel engine (noise reduction, better operating characteristics, particularly when cold). Nevertheless, concerning certain items such as pollution emissions, it may be better to obtain a higher cetane number rather by modification of the... 

ALKALI AND Cm ORINE PRODUCTS - CbD ORINE AND SODIUMHYDROXIDE] (Vol 1) -as pollutants from dyes pYES, ENVIRONTffiNTAL CHEMISTRY] (Vol 8)... 

Because the aminophenols are oxidized easily, they tend to remove oxygen from solutions. Hence, if they are released from industrial waste waters into streams and rivers, they will deplete the capacity of these environments to sustain aquatic life. Concern has also been raised that chlorination of drinking water may enhance the toxicity of aminophenols present as pollutants (138) chlorinated aminophenols are known to be more toxic (139). 

Double-Absorption Plants. In the United States, newer sulfuric acid plants ate requited to limit SO2 stack emissions to 2 kg of SO2 per metric ton of 100% acid produced (4 Ib /short ton Ib = pounds mass). This is equivalent to a sulfur dioxide conversion efficiency of 99.7%. Acid plants used as pollution control devices, for example those associated with smelters, have different regulations. This high conversion efficiency is not economically achievable by single absorption plants using available catalysts, but it can be attained in double absorption plants when the catalyst is not seriously degraded. 

Contaminant The same as pollutant, but usually used to describe indoor conditions. 

Another interesting application of LC-LC is the determination of low-molecular-mass carbonyl compounds in air. Carbonyl compounds, such as aldehydes and ketones, are now being given more and more attention, both as pollutants and as... 

Plants have evolved and adapted to suit the atmospheric conditions in which they find themselves. This atmosphere may contain traces of gases which we would classify as pollutants. However, in many cases these may be necessary for the plants existence. Near to industrial centers, the relative concentrations of the various gases change, and this can have an adverse effect on the plants development. 

Much legislation enacted by governments relating to such matters as pollution of the atmosphere and of rivers, the monitoring of foodstuffs, the control of substances hazardous to health, the misuse of drugs, and many others are dependent upon the work of analytical chemists for implementation. 

Conclusions - Dissolved Oxygen. Continued attainment of DO standards in the Willamette Basin in the face of a current regional growth rate of 1% yr will require continued augmentation of flow as well as pollution control, particularly with respect to ammonia. Based on model results discussed, there appears to be little justification for the installation of advanced wastewater treatment systems in the basin for the purpose of maintaining acceptable DO levels. 

Facilities for separating steam from brine and for power generation were designed by mechanical, chemical, and electrical engineers. Dissolved salts in the brine cause severe scaling and corrosion in wells and pipelines. Chemists and chemical engineers developed new production techniques to overcome these problems, as well as pollution control technology for the operation. 

Peakall, D.B. (1992). Animal Biomarkers as Pollution Indicators—A wide-ranging account of biomarker assays in higher animals. 

The text is divided into three parts. The first deals with the basic principles underlying the environmental behavior and effects of organic pollutants the second describes the properties and ecotoxicology of major pollutants in reasonable detail the last discusses some issues that arise after consideration of the material in the second part of the text, and looks at future prospects. The groups of compounds represented in the second part of the book are all regarded as pollutants rather than simply contaminants, because they have the potential to cause adverse biological effects at realistic environmental levels. In most cases these effects have been well documented under environmental conditions. The term adverse effects includes harmful effects upon individual organisms, as well as effects at the level of population and above. 

Organic carboxylic acids are commonly found in foods, in the adipate process stream, and as pollutants. Fatty acids are the lipophilic portion of glycerides and a major component of the cell membrane. Phenols are widely used in polymers, as wood preservatives, and as disinfectants. Chloro-phenols such as 4-chlorophenol, two isomeric dichlorophenols, 2,4,6-tri-chlorophenol, three isomeric tetrachlorophenols, and pentachlorophenol were separated on a Dowex (The Dow Chemical Co. Midland, MI) 2-X8 anion exchange resin using an acetic acid-methanol gradient.138... 

In time, however, some of these scientific discoveries—even those that in their day made major reforms—produced their own set of difficulties. In each case where this occurred, the burden of identifying and solving the problem fell to science. Consumers clamored for new products, but they also demanded that governments and industry protect the air, water, soils, plants, and animals endangered by human-made chemicals. As pollutants became increasingly subtle and harder to detect, scientists became leaders in identifying harmful substances, in some cases before the public was even aware of their existence, much less their potential harm. In these stories, advances in science have both created new and needed products and dealt with pollution from the past. 

Pollution prevention practices have become part of the U.S. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program, working in conjunction with best management practices (BMPs) to reduce potential pollutant releases. Pollution prevention methods have been shown to reduce costs as well as pollution risks through source reduction and recycling/reuse techniques.5... 

Since the late 1980s, several developed countries have made major public sector commitments to build awareness of cleaner production, also referred to as pollution prevention and waste minimization. These commitments, most notably in Denmark, the Netherlands, the U.K. and the U.S., have led the private sector to investigate and implement pollution prevention measures for existing processes and products. As a result, cleaner production is now seen in these countries as a potentially cost-effective complement to pollution abatement in meeting environmental standards. 

Both RCRA and CERCLA address hazards to the environment. However, CERCLA is the more comprehensive statute. CERCLA hazardous substances encompass RCRA hazardous wastes, as well as other toxic pollutants regulated by the CAA, the CWA, and the TSCA. Thus, all RCRA hazardous wastes may trigger CERCLA response actions when released into the environment. RCRA nonhazar-dous solid wastes, on the other hand, do not trigger CERCLA response actions unless they present an imminent and substantial danger as pollutants or contaminants (Figure 12.10). 

As pollution moves through soil and groundwater, it can mix with clean water. This reduces or dilutes the pollution. 

Detergents Are Miscast as Pollution Villain, what s New in Home Economics, Sept. 1970, p. 75. 

An exposure and risk assessment will usually integrate a number of different inputs, including health and environmental effects evaluations as well as pollutant profiles for environmental releases, ambient monitoring data, and environmental fate... 

The monoaromatic compounds benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene, commonly found in crude oil, are often jointly called BTEX compounds. The most harmful of these compounds is benzene, which is a known carcinogen. BTEX compounds occur naturally near natural gas and petroleum deposits and are detected in the fumes of forest fires. Most of the highly volatile BTEX compounds released by human activity originate from fuel use and end up as pollutants in the air. Inhaling BTEX-polluted air is also the greatest hazard to humans by these compounds. BTEX compounds are water-soluble, and therefore, improper handling can also cause groundwater contamination. 

There are several species of fish and other aquatic organisms susceptible of being used as pollution sentinels in the Ebro River (Table Species). However, none of them is present in all sites shown in Fig. 1, at least in enough abundance. From Barbastro to Flix (including the Riba-roja dam), barbel and bleak were preferred for chemical and pollution marker analyses whereas carp (Cyprinus carpio), European catfish (Silurus glanis), and roach (Rutilus rutilus) were the main species sampled in... 

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