High conversion efficiencies

The scattered radiation V3 is to high wavenumber of Vj (i.e. on the anti-Stokes side) and is coherent, unlike spontaneous Raman scattering hence the name CARS. As a consequence of the coherence of the scattering and the very high conversion efficiency to V3, the CARS radiation forms a collimated, laser-like beam. 

Alternating current is converted to direct current (dc) for the smelting cells by siUcon rectifiers. High conversion efficiency (over 99%) and minimum capital costs are achieved when the rectified voltage is 600—900 V dc. Because aluminum smelting cells operate at 4.5—5.0 V, 130 or more cells are coimected in series, forming what the industry calls a potline, which may operate at 50—360 kA. 

Double-Absorption Plants. In the United States, newer sulfuric acid plants ate requited to limit SO2 stack emissions to 2 kg of SO2 per metric ton of 100% acid produced (4 Ib /short ton Ib = pounds mass). This is equivalent to a sulfur dioxide conversion efficiency of 99.7%. Acid plants used as pollution control devices, for example those associated with smelters, have different regulations. This high conversion efficiency is not economically achievable by single absorption plants using available catalysts, but it can be attained in double absorption plants when the catalyst is not seriously degraded. 

Besides improving stability, a practical goal of surface modification has been to utilize redox reactions, otherwise not applicable, to yield better electrical characteristics such as higher open-circuit photovoltage, and to promote high conversion efficiencies. 

In order to obtain high conversion efficiencies, optimization of the short-circuit photocurrent and open-circuit potential of the solar cell are essential. The conduction band of the Ti02 is known to have... 

In biomass transesterification it is necessary to develop (basic) catalysts with high conversion efficiency operating under heterogeneous conditions, which avoid the presence of catalyst residues in the final product and allow a cleaner product with concurrent savings of catalyst, as well as simpler separation of the reacted materials from the reactants, e.g., integration of catalysts and membrane in a new advanced reactor design. 

Solid base catalysts with a high conversion efficiency... 

To be used in x-ray intensifying screens, rare earth phosphors must also have high conversion efficiencies (nc Figure 1) in addition to high intrinsic absorptions of x-rays and suitable emission characteristics. The several rare earth phosphors listed in Table I have conversion efficiencies from about 10% for La202S Tb to about 20% for LaOBr Tb (5,, ) as compared to about 6% for CaWOi. ... 

In order to obtain high conversion efficiencies, optimization of the short-circuit photocurrent (z sc) and open-circuit potential (Voc) of the solar cell is essential. The conduction band of the TiO is known to have a Nernstian dependence on pH [13,18], The fully protonated sensitizer (22), upon adsorption, transfers most of its protons to the TiO surface, charging it positively. The electric field associated with the surface dipole generated in this fashion enhances the adsorption of the anionic ruthenium complex and assists electron injection from the excited state of the sensitizer in the titania conduction band, favoring high photocurrents (18-19 inA/cm ). However, the open-circuit potential (0.65 V) is lower due to the positive shift of the conduction-band edge induced by the surface protonation. 

Arakawa et al.82) employed various 9-phenyl xanthene derivatives as the dye for DSC, and found that Eosin Y (EY Dye 18) shows relatively high conversion efficiency of 1.3% under 100 mW-cm"2 irradiance. They clarified the efficiency of 9-phenyl xanthene derivatives as follows EY > Dibromofluorescein > Fluorescein = Fluorescin > Rhodamin B > Dichlorofluorescein > Uranine >... 

Today, high quality, well-designed generating equipment is available for this niche market, which can safely yield high conversion efficiencies ( 95% CIO2) from the generation reaction (e.g., Rio Linda equipment from Vulcan Chemical Technologies, Inc.). 

The lower the threshold power, the easier it is to achieve high conversion efficiency of the noisy pulses and abberated beams which are typical of high-power lasers. Materials with threshold powers an order of magnitude lower than KDP could achieve conversion efficiencies closer to 90% for beam of similar quality to Nova. This has motivated us to undertake a broad and systematic search for such crystals. 

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