Severity scales

Generally unsuitable for salting and severely scaling liquids... 

Unless adequate BD is provided, these boilers may very rapidly develop severe scale buildup on the external side of the heat-transfer tubes, originating from the total evaporation of the ebullient cooling water. 

Facilities for separating steam from brine and for power generation were designed by mechanical, chemical, and electrical engineers. Dissolved salts in the brine cause severe scaling and corrosion in wells and pipelines. Chemists and chemical engineers developed new production techniques to overcome these problems, as well as pollution control technology for the operation. 

Whilst it is obvious that the lower the LD50 or LC50 is the more toxic the chemical, it is difficult to obtain a feel for how toxic the chemical may be to humans. Several scales have been developed to help compare toxicity data, a commonly used one developed by Hodge and Sterner is shown in Table 1.2. 

Along the length of the tube, there was an about 600 mm isothermal region. After experiment finished, the most severe scaled region was at site 200-300 mm away from TiCU entrance where temperature was just lower than isothermal region. Then the scale became smooth step-by-step from front to rear of reactor. 

The SEM pictures were shown in Fig. 3 were scale layers stripped flnm different sections of quartz rod. Fig. 3(a) was a cross sectional profile of scale from the severe scaled point. Level (1) was quartz rod substrate scale tightly appressed to level (1) was named level (2). It could be seen from Fig. 3(a) that there was no obvious interface between the scale and quartz substrate. The positive face of this scale block was shown in Fig. 3(b) and the scale stripped from the smooth scaled point was shown in Fig. 3(c). Compared with Fig. 3(b), there were less agglomerations and shorter whisker columns in Fig. 3(c). The XRD patterns were shown... 

Utilizing the wavelet coefficients of the stable extrema we can reconstruct a signal that contains the distinguished features at several scales. In Fig. 14, by utilizing the wavelet coefficients of the shaded region, we can completely reconstruct the pulse with minimum quantitative distortion. 

Multiscale modeling of process operations. The description of process variables at different scales of abstraction implies that one could create models at several scales of time in such a way that these models communicate with each other and thus are inherently consistent with each other. The development of multiscale models is extremely important and constitutes the pivotal issue that must be resolved before the long-sought integration of operational tasks (e.g., planning, scheduling, control) can be placed on a firm foundation. 

An alternative to the measurement of the dimensions of the indentation by means of a microscope is the direct reading method, of which the Rockwell method is an example. The Rockwell hardness is based on indentation into the sample under the action of two consecutively applied loads - a minor load (initial) and a standardised major load (final). In order to eliminate zero error and possible surface effects due to roughness or scale, the initial or minor load is first applied and produce an initial indentation. The Rockwell hardness is based on the increment in the indentation depth produced by the major load over that produced by the minor load. Rockwell hardness scales are divided into a number of groups, each one of these corresponding to a specified penetrator and a specified value of the major load. The different combinations are designated by different subscripts used to express the Rockwell hardness number. Thus, when the test is performed with 150 kg load and a diamond cone indentor, the resulting hardness number is called the Rockwell C (Rc) hardness. If the applied load is 100 kg and the indentor used is a 1.58 mm diameter hardened steel ball, a Rockwell B (RB) hardness number is obtained. The facts that the dial has several scales and that different indentation tools can be filled, enable Rockwell machine to be used equally well for hard and soft materials and for small and thin specimens. Rockwell hardness number is dimensionless. The test is easy to carry out and rapidly accomplished. As a result it is used widely in industrial applications, particularly in quality situations. 

Radiation detection circuit currents or pulse rates vary over a wide range of values. The current output of an ionization chamber may vary by 8 orders of magnitude. For example, the range may be from 10"13 amps to 10"5 amps. The most accurate method to display this range would be to utilize a linear current meter with several scales, and the capability to switch those scales. This is not practical. A single scale which covers the entire range of values is used. This scale is referred to as logarithmic. 

Another way that professionals assess for psychiatric disorders is to use an inventory that assesses for personality characteristics. The most famous of these inventories is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), which is now in its second edition as an instrument. Although the MMPI is actually a personality inventory, as it names suggests, many professionals will use it to spot suspected psychiatric disorders, such as depression, Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, and Anxiety Disorder. The MMPI has several scales to assess common personality traits, such as depression, mania, psychopathic deviance, and even alcohol and drug use (Weed, Butcher, McKenna, Ben-Porath, 1992). 

As a result of the various methods for viscosity determination, it is not surprising that much effort has been spent on interconversion of the several scales, especially converting Saybolt to kinematic viscosity (ASTM D2161),... 

Leckman, J.F, Riddle, M.A., Hardin, M.T., Ort, S.I., Swartz, K.L., Stevenson, J., and Cohen, D.J. (1989) The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale initial testing of a clinician-rated scale of tic severity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28 566-573. 

Tics/Tourette s syndrome Yale Global Tic Severity Scale 42 items rated 0—5 for 4 types tics simple vs. complex X motor vs. phonic 15 to 20 minutes Cl with Ch/A Leckman et ah, 1989... 

Yale Global Tic Severity Scale Public domain, James Leckman, M.D., Yale Child Study Center, 230 S. Frontage Rd., P.O. Box 207900,... 

The PARS, developed to fill a gap in clinician-rated assessments of pediatric anxiety, was modeled after the CY-BOCS and Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS Feckman et ah, 1989). The PARS consists of a 50-item symptom checklist, scored by the interviewing clinician as present or absent (yes/no) during a specific rating... 

The initial study of clonazepam in social phobia conducted by Versiani et al. [1989] showed an overall benefit of the drug. This 8-week, open trial of 40 subjects displayed statistically significant lowering of scores on the efficacy variables, which included the Clinical Global Improvement and Severity Scales [Guy 1976], Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale [liebowitz 1987], Hamilton Anxiety Scale [M. Hamilton 1959], and the Sheehan Disability Scale [D. V. Sheehan 1986]. The mean dose of clonazepam was 3.9 mg/day [SD 0.5 mg]. Subjects in this study reported high rates of side effects, including sleepiness [67.5%], loss of libido [67.5%], and memory problems [35%]. 

Shear, C.M., Brown, TA, Barlow, DU., et al. Multicenter Collaborative Panic Disorder Severity Scale. Am. J. Psvchiatrv 154, 1571—1575, 1997. 

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