Pollution indices

A quantitative measure of metal pollution in aquatic sediments has been introduced by Muller (1979), which is called the Index of Geoaccumula-tion  

IAWR Index IAWR water quality (pollution intensity) Sediment accumulation (Igeo) Igeo class Metal examples Upper Lower Rhine Rhine  

Index of Geoaccumulation in Sediments of the Rhine River (Miiller, 1979) 

Tomlinson et al, (1980) (a) and Example for the East Coast of Ireland (b). Explanation See Text. 

For the application of this method on sediment parameters it will be necessary to determine an enrichment factor corrected for grain size on the basis of conservative elements (Chapter 3.3). 

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Peakall, D.B. (1992). Animal Biomarkers as Pollution Indicators—A wide-ranging account of biomarker assays in higher animals. 

Papadopoulu, C. and G.D. Kanias. 1977. Tunicate species as marine pollution indicators. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 8 229-231. 

Granmo, A. Ekelund, R. Beiggren, M. Brorstrom-Lunden, E. Bergqvist, R-A. 2000, Temporal trend of organochlorine marine pollution indicated by concentrations in mussels, semipermeable membrane devices, and sediment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34 3323-3329. 

Boluda, R., Quintanilla, J.F., Bonilla, J.A., Saez, E. and Gamon, M. (2002) Application of the Microtox test and pollution indices to the study of water toxicity in the Albufera Natural Park (Valencia, Spain),... 

Chow TJ, Earl JL, Reed JH, et al. 1978. Barium content of marine sediments near drilling sites A potential pollutant indicator. Mar Pollut Bull 9 97- 99. 

Peakall D, editor. 1992. Animal biomarkers as pollution indicators. London (UK) Chapman Hall, 302 p. 

In laboratory studies, Ravikumar and Gurol [46] monitored the Fenton degradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and trichloroethylene (TCE) from sand. In both column and batch studies, they observed the degradation of PCP and TCE with the addition of hydrogen peroxide only. They concluded that iron naturally present in the sand was an effective catalyst for the formation of hydroxyl radical from the added peroxide. However, addition of soluble ferrous salts caused a more rapid degradation of the pollutants, indicating that either insufficient iron was present in the sand or the nature of the iron in the sand made it a poor catalyst. 

In addition co chese, some recenc publications claim that a third class of pollutants, indicated as "nanopollutants" (essentially made of nm-sized solid particles) should be taken into account. However, scientific evidence available at the moment seems not co be enough to clarify on nanopollutants, their impact on health, and the techniques for their removal from flue gas. 

The objectives of studies of ambient and workplace air differ considerably. Ambient studies have been carried out to provide general knowledge, observe differences between locations, relate trace-element concentrations to sources, and seek correlations to other air pollution indices or to human health studies. Workplace measurements, on the other hand, are made to assure control of toxic materials at concentrations safe for the workers, as well as to seek better data on health effects. In the United States acceptable... 

Rheinberger, R. et al. The Kidney of the Quahog (Mercenaria mercenaria) as a Pollution Indicator. In Animals as Monitors of Environmental Pollutants, Nat. Res. Council, Nat. Acad. Sci. 1979... 

Lee, K. S., Short, F. T., and Burdick, D. M. (2004). Development of a nutrient pollution indicator using the seagrass, Zostera marina, along nutrient gradients in three New England estuaries. Aquat Bot. 78, 197-216. 

If the previous figure showing the maximum impact of pollutant emissions in the zone between 30°-60° north is correct, we expect to find persistent downwind pollutants indicated first in this latitude zone over the North Atlantic where the effects of the concentrated pollutant sources in North America are most likely seen. Pollutant aerosols are found as shown by observing that ffy ash particles have been collected across the North Atlantic (ii). These apparently came from sources on the east coast of the United States and Canada. These ffy ash particles were relatively large, greater than 2 microns, and concentrations were extremely low, but the indications are that this material must have been carried for considerable distances over the Atlantic and accompanied by other less easily identified pollutants. 

Rose, F., Lichens as pollution indicators. Your Environment, 1 (5), (1970) 185-189. 

Gibb, J.O.T., Holmes, E., Nicholson, J.K. and Weeks, J.M. (1997a) Proton NMR spectroscopic studies on tissue extracts of invertebrate species with pollution indicator potential. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C, 118, 587-598. 

Peakall, D. (1992) In Animal Biomarkers as Pollution Indicators, p. 291. Chapman and Hall, New York. 

Internet CER UCB does not issue an internet report, instead a single web page titled Environment reports on the pollution indices and gives details of environmental investment. 

Company coverage coverage is believed to be comprehensive since the environmental sectionjustifies the use of pollution indices as this approach enables the results of all the activities of the Group to be integrated in a homogeneous manner . 

Pollution indices are given for liquid effluent, waste and atmospheric emis- Production volume NO... 

Hennig, H.F.-K.0.1986. Metal-binding proteins as metal pollution indicators. Environ. Health Perspect. 65 175-187. 

Research on the degradation of industrial pollutants indicates that growth of degraders and nutrient limitations both modulate the adaptive response in the subsurface. Many studies with contaminated aquifer materials, where long-... 

Dissolved oxygen represents one of the pollution indicators oxygen is consumed in the dissolved organic compounds chemical, photochemical or biochemical oxidation processes (Chirila, 2000). Oxygen becomes dissolved in surface waters by diffusion from the atmosphere and from aquatic plant photosynthesis. 

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