Evaluation of environmental effects

The standard requires a commitment to continuous improvement as a basis for all activities. Evaluation of environmental effects shall not be limited only to those directly related to the company s own activities or products, but will apply to indirect effects such as transport (staff or clients travelling to and from the company site) to the work-place and sub-supplier performance. Furthermore, a register of sigrrificant environmental effects directly resulting from company activities has to be kept. 

Several other approaches for impact assessment exist which do not or only in parts comply with the ISO approach of impact categories. These may be favorable as to be more convenient for the practitioner, for example, in terms of less data necessary or ready-made schemes for weighting and aggregation, but there are also assessment methods based on different philosophies for the evaluation of environmental effects. A typology of methodologies can be found in Hofstetter et al. [9]. 

In the structural design of Generation IV nuclear plants, evaluation of environmental effects is also important. In the case of sodium-cooled reactors, sodium environmental effects on structural materials have to be taken into account. Asayama et al. proposed an evaluation procedure for sodium environmental effects on the integrity of Modified 9Cr-lMo steel [28]. It gave a corrosion allowance as a function of temperature, oxygen content, and service time, based on corrosion tests. It determined that no correction factors that correspond to sodium environment on design allowable stresses, etc. are needed, because no adverse effects of sodium on the mechanical properties of... 

Walker, C.H. (1998d). Biomarker strategies to evaluate the environmental effects of chemicals. Environmental Health Perspectives 106 (Supplement 2), 613-620. 

Hutchinson, T.H. van Wijk, D.J. (1997) Bromate and chlorate - evaluation of potential effects in aquatic organisms and derivation of environmental quality standards. Paper presented at the London International Chlorine Symposium. 

Burks, S.L. Evaluation of the effectiveness of granular activated carbon adsorption and aquaculture for removing toxic compounds from treated petroleum refinery effluents, Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory. U.S. EPA Report 600/2-81-067, 1981. 

In September 2010, the European Parliament adopted amendments to the pharmacovigilance legislation (Directive 2001/83/EC and Regulation EC No 726/ 2004 [12, 18]) in order to broaden its concept to environmental concerns. The concept paper was under public consultation, until 7 November 2011, to consider measures to monitor and evaluate the risk of environmental effects of medicinal products [19]. 

The importance of surface analysis for evaluating the environmental effects of toxic substances is becoming more apparent as the result of recent work in this field. Chapter 9 describes ESCA, Auger, Ion Microprobe, and SIMS surface analysis techniques for atmospheric particulates. These techniques overcome the obvious limitations of bulk analysis, that is, the wide variability in the physicochemical characteristics of different particles. 

It is also worth noting that the fuzzy logic methodology allows, like the Monte Carlo method, the identification, from all uncertain variables, of those which most greatly influence the output, and the rapid evaluation of the effect that changing the values of these variables has on the final result. The importance of this flexibility makes the proposed technique useful in the overall evaluation of environmentally benign sol-... 

Since its inauguration, the EHC Programme has widened its scope, and the importance of environmental effects, in addition to health effects, has been increasingly emphasized in the total evaluation of chemicals. 

After completion of the WaterTox program, the test battery continued to be applied by laboratories from Argentina, Chile and Colombia to assess different types of environmental matrices. These initiatives facilitated the development or application of new or existing ranking systems that enabled evaluation of the effectiveness of biological treatment for the toxicity reduction of wastes and combined effluents. These studies are described herein. 

Evaluating the Environmental Effects of Chemistry and Green Metrics... 

Containment systems may be valuable addenda to released microbe genetic systems to reduce liability exposure, enhance investment, and expedite evaluation of environmental safety. Even non-engineered microbes can be effectively constrained by auxotrophy or developmental blocks. 

Faroon O, Kueberuwa S, Smith L, and DeRosa C (1995) ATSDR evaluation of health effects of chemicals. II. Mirex and chlordecone Health effects, toxicokinetics, human exposure, and environmental fate. Toxicology and Industrial Health 11(6) 1-203. 

Third, many times the toxicity tests are selected on the basis of cost, and this is a valid parameter. A FIFRA mesocosm may cost as much as 750,000 compared to as little as 500 for a D. magna acute toxicity test. The danger is from both ends of the spectrum. The more expensive multispecies test is not necessarily better unless it answers specific questions left unanswered by the simpler tests. In fact, the large multispecies tests are performed only after a thorough review and evaluation of simpler testing procedures. Likewise, the simpler and less costly toxicity tests may not adequately address the fate and effects of a xenobiotic, leaving a great deal of uncertainty in the prediction of environmental effects. 

It is important to note that LCA is a tool to evaluate all environmental effects of a product or process throughout its entire life cycle. This includes identifying and quantifying energy and materials used and wastes released to the environment, assessing their environmental impact, and evaluating opportunities for improvement. LCA can also be used in various ways to evaluate alternatives including in-process analysis, material selection, product evaluation, product comparison, and policy-... 

Radetski, C.M., Cotelle, S. and Ferard, J.F. (2000) Classical and biochemical endpoints in the evaluation of phytotoxic effects caused by the herbicide trichloroacetate. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 44, 221-229. 

Waste-minimization ophons can also have some environmental impacts. During technical evaluation, the environmental effect of implemenhng the ophon needs to be checked. For example, if an ophon calls for recycling of rinse water, the effect of disposal of such water needs to be evaluated (as the concentrahon of solid in the recycled water would increase many hmes due to recycling), which may impact the receiving body. 

Evaluation of vimcidal effects of three surface disinfectants (quaternary ammonium, phenolic, and iodophor) on a simulated hard environmental surface [31],... 

Niederlehner, B.R., K.W. Pontasch, J.R. Pratt, and J. Cairns. 1990. Field evaluation of predictions of environmental effects from a multispecies-microcosm toxicity test. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19 62-71. 

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