Management, best practice

Control can be usefully considered in two categories a) non-structural or low-structural source controls — these can be called best management practices (BMPs) and b) structural controls, in effect end-of-pipe treatment. 

A large part of the lead deposited in the street surface from vehicle exhausts becomes incorporated in the street dust. It is then transported during a runoff event as a suspended solid. Street sweeping, often vacuum assisted, removes solids from the street surface and thus reduces the lead available for runoff. There remains, nevertheless, the problem of disposal of the contaminated street dust. 

The BMP approach to control is well illustrated in the study made in order to improve the management of the combined sewer system in the City of Filch-burg, Massachusetts [40]. The requirement in this case was to remove the pollution problem due to combined sewer overflow into a river during a storm event. 

Other BMPs involve proper maintenance of catchbasins and gully pots used to trap sediments and oils, as well as land use planning opportunities, such as avoidance of steep slopes for development, utilization of porous pavements, minimizing the impervious area etc. [41]. 

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R. Arner, Used OilRey cling Markets and Best Management Practices in the U.S., North Virginia Planning District Commission, Annandale, Va., Oct. 1992. 

Best Management Practices in Mediterranean Reservoirs Under Scarcity Conditions... 86... 

Pollution prevention practices have become part of the U.S. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program, working in conjunction with best management practices (BMPs) to reduce potential pollutant releases. Pollution prevention methods have been shown to reduce costs as well as pollution risks through source reduction and recycling/reuse techniques.5... 

Best management practices are inherently pollution prevention practices. Traditionally, BMPs have focused on good housekeeping measures and good management techniques intending to avoid contact between pollutants and water media as a result of leaks, spills, and improper waste disposal. 

U.S. EPA, Guidance Manual for Developing Best Management Practices (BMPs), EPA 833-B-93-004, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC, October 1993. 

Donigian, A.S., Jr., J.C. Imhoff and B.R. Bricknell. Modeling Water Quality and the Effects of Best Management Practices in Four Mile Creek, Iowa. Draft report on contract 68-03-2895, for U.S. EPA, Athens, GA. 1981. 

Gallagher, D.L., Johnston, K.M. and Dietrich, A.M. (2001). Fate and transport of copper-based crop protectants in plasticulture runoff and the impact of sedimentation as a best management practice , Water Research, 35, 2984—2994. 

Best efficiency point (BEP), 21 63 Best (Management) Practices for fertilizers, 11 127 in operation and maintenance,... 

Brach J (1989) Agriculture, water quality best management practice for Minnesota. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, St Paul, Minnesota, p 64... 

Surveys of professional lawn chemical applicators were conducted during the summer and fall of 2004. Subjects recruited included participants in Ohio State University s OARDC (Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center)-sponsored turf care professional educational seminars (Northeast Ohio Lawn Care Seminars). Approximately 300 professionals attended these events (held at the Wooster campus of Ohio State) to inform practitioners of best management practices, new technology, and health and safety issues. Participants included those who own and work in the lawn care industry in Ohio, spanning companies from small, one-person owner operated firms to large franchised national outfits. Professionals attend these seminars for purposes of certification participation in the survey was optional. 

Figure 1.7 Best management practices reduce herbicide runoff (from Ciba-Geigy Technical Report 10-92).

Conservation tillage and no-till often produce dramatic decreases in water runoff and increases in water infiltration, which results in a reduction not only in soil erosion, but also in pesticide and nutrient runoff into water (Glenn and Angle, 1987 Hall et al, 1991). In several studies of best management practices (BMPs), no-till was shown to reduce herbicide runoff by an average of 70%, while ridge till showed a 40% reduction (Figure 1.7). 

Ciba-Geigy (1992). Reducing Flerbicide Runoff Role of Best Management Practices. Technical Report 10-92. Submitted to USEPA. Conservation Technology Information Center (CTIC) (2004). National Crop Management Survey. www.ctic.purdue.edu/CTIC/ CTIC.html... 

During late 1994, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) published a public document (PD-1) relative to the use of triazine herbicides by American farmers. In doing so, they placed atrazine and simazine in Special Review. USEPA s PD-1 triggered a benefits study of unprecedented proportions on the following issues benefits of atrazine and simazine use economic and biological impact of the loss of these products feasibility and efficacy of alternatives environmental benefits associated with atrazine and simazine use best management practices and comparative performance of alternatives. 

Baker, J.L. and S.K. Mickelson (1994). Application technology and best management practices for minimizing herbicide runoff. Weed Technol., 8 862-869. 

The adoption of best management practices can reduce the storm-related runoff of atrazine, simazine, and other moderately soluble herbicides from fields into bodies of surface water. Several papers (Fawcett et al., 1994 Hirsch et al, 1997 USDA-NRCS, 2000 Krutz et al., 2005) note how these in-field practices can be beneficial to water quality. 

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