Applications of vitamin

Medicine. In humans and animals AdoCbl is the coenzyme of methylmalonyl CoA-mutase that catalyzes the isomerization of methyl-malonyl-CoA into succinyl-CoA (in propionibacteria this reaction runs in the opposite direction). The reaction is linked with the catabolism of amino acids and lipids. If the activity of methylmalonyl CoA-mutase is blocked, the catabolism of some amino acids, fatty acids and thymine is inhibited (Fig. 7.1). Intracellular levels of methylmalonyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA are increased and may affect fatty acids synthesis. In some cases, an increase in the content of C15 and Cn odd-numbered fatty acids and branched-chain fatty acids in glycolipids of the nervous system is observed (Kishimoto et al., 1973). 

Another important reaction of cobamide-dependent enzymes in mammals is the synthesis of methionine from homocysteine, in which the second coenzyme form, CHsCbl, is involved. A reduction or lack of CHsCbl- 

AdoCbl and CHsCbl are metabolically interconvertible and are formed in the body from non-coenzyme forms, which must be supplied in a readily available form (Fig. 7.3). In humans, hydroxocobalamin (OHCbl), 

Human body contains 3 to 5 g of cobalamins, mainly in the liver. The content of CHaCbl decreases with age, which dictates the necessity of increasing the vitamin content in the diet. Healthy persons receive vitamin Bi2 with food (hver, meat). Vitamin B12 is not synthesized by green plants, that is why it is not found in bread, oatmeal, rice, fruits, and vegetables. Algae and other components of the plankton contain significant amounts of cobalamins (Schneider, 1987a). Humans are unable to utilize corrinoids formed by the intestinal microflora. 

The absorption and transport of vitamin Bn in humans and animals are mediated exclusively by proteins. The absorption of vitamin Bn by bacteria is protein-mediated as well. Three groups of proteins can be distinguished on the basis of their source, biological function, relation to specific membrane acceptors, immunological differences and molecular weight. The three groups of protein carriers are intrinsic factors (IF), transcobalamins (TC), and cobalophilins (CP), all of which have been isolated and characterized (Stroinski, 1987). 

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Application of vitamin K-antagonistic anticoagulants like warfarin gave no clearcut results concerning bone density or a changed risk for bone fractures. 

LEKLEM j E (1998) Vitamin B6 functions in humans. In Clinical and physiological application of vitamin B6. Eds Eeklem, J E, Reynolds, New York Liss, 297-320. 

Potential applications of vitamin Bi2 in electrocatalytic degradation of dibromide and a-haloacetic acid pollutants has been demonstrated in aqueous buffers303,304 and in surfactant-stabilized emulsions.305 Electroreductive dehalogenations in water and microemulsions were also efficiently catalyzed by a vitamin Bi2 derivative grafted onto a polylysine-coated electrode.306... 

Dingier, A., et al.. Solid hpid nanoparticles (SLN/Lipopearls) a pharmacentical and cosmetic carrier for the application of vitamin E in dermal prodncts. J. Microencapsul., 16, 751-67, 1999. 

By inhalative application of vitamin A, an accumulation of peripheral vifamin A stores is achieved. For the Irmg and the respiratory epithelium, concentrations in the range of 1-20 (ig/g were obtained (Biesalski, 1990). Looking at quantitative concentrations in the respiratory epithelium and in the mixed epithelium of the nasal mucosa yielded an accumulation of vifamin A — after topical administration in different animal species — in the epithelium of the nose increased by factor 10-100 (in human of factor 5-20) compared to the concentrations of the respiratory mucosa (Lewis, 1973). 

Biesalski, FI. K. (1996). Effects of intratracheal application of vitamin A on concentrations of retinol derivates in plasma, lungs and selected tissue of rats. Int. ]. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 66, 106-112. 

Epstein, J. B., and Gorsky, M. (1999). Topical application of vitamin A to oral leukoplakia A clinical case series. Cancer 86, 921-927. 

Impairment of the retinoid signal transduction pathways occurs as a result of prolonged UV exposure. Down regulation of nuclear receptors for Vitamin A occurs,269 resulting in a functional deficiency of Vitamin A. Application of Vitamin A derivatives would appear to be an obvious treatment modality. Topical application of Vitamin A does increase the HA in the epidermal layer, increasing the thickness of the HA meshwork after prolonged treatment.270 Vitamin A thus enhances repair, as can be demonstrated in photo-aged hairless mouse model.271 The decline in GAG, and in particular HA deposition that occurs with UVB irradiation, can be entirely prevented by retinoic acid treatment. 

One of the main problems of topical application of vitamin C is that it is extremly unstable, so hydrophilic derivatives like sodium ascorbyl phosphate and lipophilic esters with fatty acids were synthesized to improve stability.43,44 However, an efficient increase in vitamin C levels after topical application of different ascorbic acid derivatives including magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, ascorbyl-6-palmitate, and dehydroascorbic acid to porcine skin could not be shown.42... 

Fischer, M., The topical application of vitamin D3-analogues in psoriasis vulgaris, i n Trends inDerma-topharmacy, Trends Clin. Exp. Dermatol., vol. 1, Wohlrab, J., Neubert, R., and Marsch, W., Eds.,... 

It is now well established that l,25-(OH)2D3 is the active hormonal form of vitamin D3 [32], The production of l,25-(OH)2D3 in the kidney is regulated by dietary calcium and phosphate and also by changes in serum calcium and parathyroid hormone, which clearly highlight the hormonal nature of this compound. Functionally, the three classical actions of l,25-(OH)2D3 are to stimulate intestinal calcium and independently phosphate absorption, the mobilization of calcium from bone, and increase renal reabsorption of calcium. The focus of this review will be to explore the most recent concepts of vitamin D in regard to its metabolism and physiology, and with respect to the medicinal applications of vitamin D3 metabolites and analogues. 

The use of vitamins in humans consumes ca 40% of vitamins made worldwide. The majority of the vitamins, particularly in countries outside the United States, are used in animal husbandry. It is well estabUshed (21) that vitamins are critical to animal productivity, especially under confined, rapid growth conditions. Newer information (22) has shown that vitamin E added to catde feed has the additional effect of significandy prolonging beef shelf life in stores. Additional applications of vitamins exist. A small but growing market segment involves cosmetics (qv) (23). The use of the chemical properties of the vitamins, particularly as antioxidants (qv) in foods and, more recently, in plastics (vitamin E (24)), has emeiged as a growing trend. 

Hyperpigmentation due to local application of vitamin D in combination with photochemotherapy has been described. Calcipotriol may have the same potential. 

In the case of dermal exposure, the contaminated area must be washed with plenty of water and soap. Topical application of vitamin E preparations may help to reduce the severity of skin reactions. The affected eye must be irrigated with lukewarm water for at least 10 min. The contaminated clothing is removed and the airway cleared. In the case of ingestion, gastric lavage is avoided as solvents present in cyfluthrin formulations may increase the risk of aspiration pneumonia. Atropine (adults and children >12 years 0.6-1.2mgkg children <12 years 0.02 mg kg by IV infusion) may be useful to... 

Exposed skin should be washed promptly with soap and water. Dermal application of vitamin E oil preparations may be used for both prophylaxis and treatment of paresthesia. Eor contact with eyes, flush immediately and for an extended period with generous amounts of clean water or saline. Gastric lavage is indicated if patient has ingested a large amount of pyrethroid and can be treated soon after exposure. For ingestion of smaller amounts or if treatment has been delayed, activated charcoal and catharsis are indicated. Seizures can be treated with intravenous benzodiazepines (diazepam or loraze-pam) phenytoin or phenobarbital may be helpful for recurrent seizures. No specific antidotes for pyre-throid-induced neurotoxic effects have been approved for use in humans. Spontaneous recovery usually occurs with mild or moderate intoxication. 

Exposed skin should be washed promptly with soap and water. Dermal application of vitamin E oil preparations may be used for both prophylaxis and treatment of paresthesia. For contact with eyes, flush immediately and for an extended period with generous amounts of clean water or saline. Gastric lavage is indicated if patient has ingested a large amount of pyrethroids and can be treated soon after exposure. 

More promising have been recent attempts to show a difference by the response of the skin to injury. Reid (R3) and Reid and Jarrett (R4) have shown an increased erythema response of normal-appearing skin of psoriasis patients to applications of vitamin A with increased release of acid phosphatase in the uninvolved but psoriatic epidermis. Braun-Falco et al. (B32) found an increased number of cells incorporating tritiated thymidine after Scotch tape stripping. While Hell and Hodgson (H13) noted increased uptake of thymidine in vitro by uninvolved skin of psoriatic subjects. There may in the future be a way of reliably... 

Describe the clinical applications of vitamin Bj, and folic acid. 

Skin. Wash with copious soap and water. Topical application of vitamin E in vegetable oil was reported anecdotally to relieve paresthesias. 

Of the two primary protective agents against liver necrosis, tocopherol appears more immediately related to respiratory decline and its prevention than Factor 3/selenium. Whereas in vivo application of vitamin E fully pievents respiratory failure in all systems used for its study, Factor 3-active selenium compounds afford only marginal protection in some of... 

Special credit is due to Marks and Nitowsky for their very critical and conservative conclusion regarding the therapeutic application of vitamin E. 

Sato, K., Muramatsu, K., and Amano, S., 2002. Application of vitamin Bi2-targeting site on lactobacillus helveticus B-1 to vitamin B12 assay by ehemilumineseenee method. Analytical Biochemistry. 308 1-4. 

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