Oral leukoplakia

Slattery, M. et al.. Carotenoids and colon cancer. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 71, 575, 2000. Kaugars, G.E. et al., A clinical trial of antioxidant supplements in the treatment of oral leukoplakia. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol., 78, 462, 1994. 

Anderson, K.M., G.D. Stoner, H.W. Fields, et aL 2005. Immunohistochemical assessment of Viadent -associated leukoplakia. Oral Oncol. 41(2) 200-207. 

Yan SK, et al. A metabonomic approach to the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma, oral lichen planus and oral leukoplakia. Oral Oncol 2008 44 477-483. 

A large number of clinical intervention studies have examined the effect of supplemental p-carotene on intermediate cancer endpoints, as shown in Table 1. The results of these trials indicate that supplemental p-carotene consistently results in regression of oral precancerous lesions (oral leukoplakia, oral dysplasia), and a decreased frequency of micronucleated buccal mucosal cells. While many of the trials of oral precancerous endpoints were not placebo-controlled, and thus somewhat difficult to interpret because spontaneous regression can occur, those that were placebo-controlled nonetheless demonstrated significant benefit to p-carotene relative to placebo. From Table 1 it appears that the chemopreventive efficacy of p-carotene varies by site, with evidence for efficacy in the oral cavity and possibly esophagus, mixed evidence in cervix and lung, and convincing evidence of a lack of efficacy in the prevention of recurrent colorectal polyps. 

Mizuki, H. In situ staining with DNA-binding fluorescent dye, Hoechst 33258, to detect microorganisms in the epithelial cells of oral leukoplakia. Oral Oncol. 2001,37, 521-526. 

White patches on tongue, gums, or buccal mucosa removal of patches reveals erythematous and bloody tissue ability to remove patches distinguishes OPC from oral hairy leukoplakia... 

Epstein, J. B., and Gorsky, M. (1999). Topical application of vitamin A to oral leukoplakia A clinical case series. Cancer 86, 921-927. 

Leukoplakia White patches in the oral cavity (mouth) of humans that becomes cancerous covers about 3% of patients. 

However, in a case-control study in 85 khat-chewing Kenyans and 141 matched controls, smoking unprocessed tobacco (Kiraiku) and smoking cigarettes were the most significant factors for oral leukoplakia traditional beer, khat, and chUi peppers were not significantly associated with oral leukoplakia (23). 

Macigo FG, Mwaniki DL, Guthua SW. The association between oral leukoplakia and use of tobacco, alcohol and khat based on relative risks assessment in Kenya. Eur J Oral Sci 1995 103(5) 268-73. 

Chronic exposure to 3-MC can result in irritation, chronic cough, bronchitis, and bronchogenic cancer. Leukoplakia and cancers of the lip and oral cavity can develop. Dermal contact has been associated with precancerous lesions called coal tar warts which are enhanced by exposure to UV light. Erythema, dermal burns, acneiform lesions, photosensitization and cancer may develop upon chronic exposure. 

Because oral hygienic products are used on a daily basis and some of their contents may be swallowed or absorbed locally, there is always a concern that long-term effects may occur. One noteworthy example was the association of the use of Sanguinaria canadensis root-extract mouthwashes with the development of hyperorthokeratosis, epithelial atrophy, and epithelial atypia/mild dysplasia and an associated squamous cell carcinoma (Allen, 1999 Damm et al., 1999). This phenomenon has been called the sanguinaria-associated leukoplakia syndrome, and evaluation of the 143 known cases... 

Allen, C. 1999. Viadent-related leukoplakia—the tip of the iceberg Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endodont. 87, 393-394. 

Mascarenhas, A., Allen, C., and Moeschberger, M. 2002. The association between Viadent use and oral leukoplakia—results of a matched case-control study. J. Public Health Dentistry 62, 158-162. 

Hyperplastic (candidal leukoplakia) Smokers uncommon in patients with HIV Thick white and adherent keratotic plaques commonly seen on the buccal mucosa and lateral border of tongue may also see on lips and bottom of mouth plaques cannot be easily scraped offer only partially removed. This condition is distinct from oral hairy leukoplakia, and it may progress to severe dysplasia or malignancy. 

Armstrong, W.B. A.R. Kennedy X.S. Wan J. Atiba C.E. McClaren EL. Meyskens, Jr. Single-dose administration of Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate in patients with oral leukoplakia. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2000, 9, 43—47. 

A. Kubler, T. Haase, M. Rheinwald, T. Barth, J. Muhling (1998). Treatment of oral leukoplakia by topical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid. Int. J. Oral Maxillofacial Surg., 27, 466-469. 

Nagao T, Ikeda N, Warnakulasuriya S, Eukano H, Yuasa H, Yano M, Miyazaki H, Ito Y. Serum antioxidant micronutrients and the risk of oral leukoplakia among Japanese. Oral Oncol 2000 36 466-470. 

Chronic snuff dipping has been associated with oral cancer in experimental animals and humans. Oral pharyngeal cancer accounts for 3% of these cancers and is the seventh most common form of cancer.The oral use of moist smokeless tobacco products (chewing tobacco) has increased in recent years, resulting in leukoplakia, which is a clinical white patch or plaque on the oral mucus membrane that cannot be removed by scrapping. Most of these lesions can occur in all areas of the oral cavity. Water-soluble smokeless tobacco extract has been shown to suppress lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cell activity by inhibiting DNA synthesis, and altered LAK function in the oral mucosa... 

Einhom J. and Wersall, J., Incidence of oral carcinoma in patients with leukoplakia of the oral mucosa, Cancer, 20, 2189,1967. 

Pindborg, J.J., Studies in oral leukoplakia a preliminary report on the period prevalence of mahgnant transformation in leukoplakia based on a follow-up study of248 patients, J. Am. 

Silverman, Jr., S. and Rozen, R.D., Observations on the clinical characteristics and natural history of oral leukoplakia, J. Am. Dent Assoc., 76,772,1968. 

Girja, K.P. et al.. Biochemical changes of saliva in tobacco chewers, tobacco smokers, alcohol consumers, leukoplakia and oral cancer patients, Indian J. Dent. Res., 13,102, 2002. 

---