Physiological applications

Despite the inconveniences, a certain number of studies have been carried out, particularly concerning dyes containing azomethine groups. Such as hydrazones, pyrazolones, formazans, and selenazoles quinoids. Saturated heterocycles, that is, selenazolines and selenazolidines. have also been tackled. Selenium derivatives for pharmacological or physiological applications are little developed by comparison with their thiazole homologs. 

LEKLEM j E (1998) Vitamin B6 functions in humans. In Clinical and physiological application of vitamin B6. Eds Eeklem, J E, Reynolds, New York Liss, 297-320. 

The synthesis of chiral dendrimers from various building blocks, their - difficult - structure determinations, and their - potential - use in physiological applications, in bioassays, and in enantioselective catalysis are reviewed. 

In this chapter, we explore acids and bases and the chemical reactions they undergo. We begin with a definition of these two important substances and then explore how some acids and bases are stronger than others. After learning about the pH scale, we close by looking at some environmental and physiological applications of acid-base concepts. 

Gnaiger, E. and Forstner, H. (eds), 1983. Polarographic Oxygen Sensors - Aquatic and Physiological Applications. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 370 pp. 

Sweeney L, Shuler ML, Babish JG, Ghanem A. A cell culture analogue of rodent physiology Application to naphthalene toxicology. Toxicol in Vitro 1995 9 307-16. 

The transfer of mass within a fluid mixture or across a phase boundary is a process that plays a major role in various engineering and physiological applications. Typical operations where mass transfer is the dominant step are falling film evaporation and reaction, total and partial condensation, distillation and absorption in packed columns, liquid-liquid extraction, multiphase reactors, membrane separation, etc. The various mass transfer processes are classified according to equilibrium separation processes and rate-governed separation processes. Fig. 1 lists some of the prominent mass transfer operations showing the physical or chemical principle upon which the processes are based. 

Because UMEs are physically small, they can be used to probe small spaces. Single electrodes have been employed frequently in physiological applications, such as the measurement of time-dependent concentrations of neurotransmitters near synapses of neurons (6). 

Physiological application of poly(vinyialcohol sugar ester)... 

Most of the problems encountered in ICG, such as uncertainty about the distribution of the electrical field and dependence on electrode position, concern an influencing of the impedance signal by amplitude modulation. The timing, however, of the points and waves in the ICG signal is mostly independent of these problems. Therefore, the use of the time relationships instead of the amplitude of the ICG offers more fruitful perspectives for clinical and physiological applications. The method is noninvasive, without adverse... 

Holder D. S., Clinical and Physiological Applications of Electrical Impedance Tomography, First ed., Taylor Francis, London, July 1,1993. 

The thermocouple of constantan/copper (type t) was achieved by an electrochemical deposition of copper to a wire of constantan with electroplating technology. This thermocouple (type t) was chosen for different reasons this type is already confirmed by conventional heat fluxmeters it has good sensitivity for the temperature range we are looking at for physiological applications (0—350°C). 

Initially, the sensitivity of textile heat fluxmeters was calibrated in order to compare their performance amongst them and also against a commercial heat fluxmeter (Captec Entreprise, France). Afterward, the heat fluxmeters were characterized with the Skin Model with regard to a physiological application. Finally, the characterization of the coupling between the heat and mass transfers was carried out. 

The THFs, which were produced with the subtractive method, wctb used for the following characterizations, ie, physiological applications, coupled heat, and mass transfers. 

N. Niedermann et al. observed that the reference HF is the best for physiological applications because of the highest sensitivity due to the lowest slope of the curve. Regarding this, the fluxmeter PES/CO3 gives better sensitivity than the other THFs for physiological applications. 

If the first characterization method (sensitivity calibration with a heating resistance) is compared with the second one (performance for physiological applications with Skin Model), the results have the same trend and the textile heat fluxmeter PES/CO satin gives the higher sensitivity among all the THFs. 

Figure 19.17 Heat flux performances of the heat fluxmeters for physiological applications.

The second part focused on the textile heat fluxmeter development and characterization. Different methods showed that the heat flux performances of the THFs are in the same range as the reference one. The textile heat fluxmeter PES/CO with a satin stmc-ture gives slightly higher sensitivity values than the fluxmeters PES3 and PES/CO2. Therefore, PES/CO2 can be preferred as a heat fluxmeta- for future physiological applications. 

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