Applications In Vivo

Many blood samples at each time point 

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McLaren J, Boulikas T, Vamvakas S. 1994. Induction of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in the kidney after in vivo application of renal carcinogens. T oxicology 88 101-112. 

In the early days of CHEMFET development, the expectations for successful application to a variety of biomedically important sensing applications were high. This was in part due to the fact that CHEMFET s are easily miniaturized (<2 mm surface area) and so are obvious candidates for in vivo applications. This enthusiasm has largely been tempered by the reality that although field-effect tran-... 

Kimura and coworkers have also developed hybrid-type polymersomes composed of polysarcosine-b-PLA ( lactosomes ) [242-243]. The lactosomes are fully biodegradable due to the equipped metabolic pathway for sarcosine and lactic acid. Hence, the lactosome is preferred for in vivo applications rather than for in vitro studies. Indeed, they have demonstrated a potential utility of lactosomes as a contrast agent for in vivo liver tumor imaging [243]. Lactosomes labeled with indocyanine green showed high escape ability from RES, were found to be stable in... 

Annexin V-functionalized crosslinked iron oxide (CLIO) was designed as a contrast agent for MRI, which was additionally labeled with Cy5.5 to allow colocalization with optical imaging techniques [98]. Alternatively, conjugation of multiple Gd-DTPA molecules or SPIO particles to the C2 domain of synaptotagmin I was shown to allow the detection of apoptotic cells in vitro [99]. Zhao et al. [100] were the first to apply a C2 domain-functionalized SPIO and showed very promising results for future in vivo applications of MR contrast agents for the detection of apoptotic sites. 

While DTPA has been used extensively as a BCA to prepare radiopharmaceutical reagents, newer metal chelators such as those discussed below may show greater promise for in vivo applications. 

Wilbur, D., Scott, C., Ming-Kuan, P., Pradip, M., and Hamlin, D.K. (2000) Biotin reagents for antibody pretargeting. 4. Selection of biotin conjugates for in vivo application based on their dissociation rate. Bioconj. Chem. 11, 569-583. 

E. Lindner and R.P. Buck, Microfabricated potentiometric electrodes and their in vivo applications. Anal. Chem. 72, 336A-345A (2000). 

R.P. Buck, V.V. Cosofret, E. Lindner, S. Ufer, M.B. Madaras, T.A. Johnson, R.B. Ash, and M.R. Neuman, Microfabrication technology of flexible membrane-based sensors for in-vivo applications. Electroanalysis 7, 846-851 (1995). 

For pH sensors used in in-vivo applications, especially those in continuous pH monitor or implantable applications, hemocompatibility is a key area of importance [150], The interaction of plasma proteins with sensor surface will affect sensor functions. Thrombus formation on the device surface due to accelerated coagulation, promoted by protein adsorption, provided platelet adhesion and activation. In addition, variation in the blood flow rate due to vasoconstriction (constriction of a blood vessel) and sensor attachment to vessel walls, known as wall effect , can cause significant errors during blood pH monitoring [50, 126],... 

Potentiometric microelectrodes have been widely used for pH measurements in many in-vivo applications. This chapter has provided an overview of these electrodes and a discussion of a number of practical challenges related to sensor designs, fabrication methods, and applications. 

Despite a common perception that organometallic chemistry essentially belongs in the province of catalysis rather than in vivo applications because of high reactivity of metal carbon bonds, certain organometallic species have very high kinetic stability. Indeed, this point is highlighted by the present wide application of the isonitrile complex Tc(ses-tamibi), [Tc(2-methoxyisobutylisonitrile)6]+, in myocardial imaging. Rhenium tricarbonyl and cyclopentadienyl complexes offer further ex-... 

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