Respiratory mucosa

Pungent and irritating vapors for the upper respiratory mucosa... 

Around 60-70% of the respiratory mucosa is lined with nonciliated cells that are thought to be responsible for high metabolic activity and fluid transport into and out of mucosal cells [17]. 

K. K. Kandimalla and M. D. Donovan. Localization and differential activity of P-glycoprotein in the bovine olfactory and nasal respiratory mucosae. Pharm Res 22 1121-1128 (2005). 

Proteolytic enzymes in the respiratory mucosa play important role(s) in the regulation of lung inflammation and remodelling [123, 124], Pulmonary proteolytic enzymes, however, also comprise one of the barriers which pulmonary-administered protein/peptide drugs have to overcome in order to achieve adequate bioavailability [125]. Intriguingly, the pulmonary enzymatic barrier is an aspect that has been little investigated and is poorly understood. Inconsistencies in the data available to date are most likely a result of the use of different techniques (e.g., PCR, immunotechniques and enzyme activity assays), different species and different cell (pheno)types, for example primary cells vs. cell lines. 

Ehrhardt C, Fiegel J, Fuchs S, Abu-Dahab R, Schaefer UF, Hanes J, Lehr CM (2002) Drug absorption by the respiratory mucosa Cell culture models and particulate drug carriers. J Aerosol Med 15 131-139... 

Mossman, B. T., J. B. Kessler, B. W. Ley, and J. E. Craighead (1977). Interaction of crocidolite asbestos with hamster respiratory mucosa in organ culture. LmB. Invest. 36 131-139. 

A survey about the dietary habits within the scope of the "National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey" showed that an inverse correlation (Morabia et al., 1989) exists between COPD and vitamin A supply as the only one of 12 examined dietary components. If a diminished supply of vitamin A increases the appearance of obstructive respiratory diseases, a marginal or local vitamin A deficit could be responsible for the observed changes of the respiratory mucosa. Such a deficit results in a loss of cilia, an increase of secreting cells and finally the formation of squamous metaplasia (Biesalski et al., 1985 Chytil, 1985 Shah and Rajalekshmi, 1984). 

By inhalative application of vitamin A, an accumulation of peripheral vifamin A stores is achieved. For the Irmg and the respiratory epithelium, concentrations in the range of 1-20 (ig/g were obtained (Biesalski, 1990). Looking at quantitative concentrations in the respiratory epithelium and in the mixed epithelium of the nasal mucosa yielded an accumulation of vifamin A — after topical administration in different animal species — in the epithelium of the nose increased by factor 10-100 (in human of factor 5-20) compared to the concentrations of the respiratory mucosa (Lewis, 1973). 

It is essential to examine whether the uptake of retinyl esters in the respiratory mucosa might be associated with an excess formation of free retinol or RA in the cells with the formation exceeding the binding... 

Three factors contribute to airway obstruction in asthma (1) contraction of the smooth muscle that surrounds the airways (2) excessive secretion of mucus and in some, secretion of thick, tenacious mucus that adheres to the walls of the airways and (3) edema of the respiratory mucosa. Spasm of the bronchial smooth muscle can occur rapidly in response to a provocative stimulus and likewise can be reversed rapidly by drug therapy. In contrast, respiratory mucus accumulation and edema formation are likely to require more time to develop and are only slowly reversible. 

Proteolysis. Proteolysis is the cleavage of amide bonds that comprise the backbone of proteins and peptides. The reaction can occur spontaneously in aqueous medium under acidic, neutral, or basic conditions. This process is accelerated by proteases, ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze peptide-bond hydrolysis at rates much higher than occur spontaneously. In humans, these enzymes only recognize sequences of L-amino acids but not d-amino acids. They are found in barrier tissues (nasal membranes, stomach and intestinal linings, vaginal and respiratory mucosa, ocular epithelium), blood, all internal solid organs, connective tissue, and fat. The same protease may be present in multiple sites in the body. 

Prophylaxis is recommended for the following dental procedures that involve manipulation of gingival tissue or the periapical region of teeth or perforation of the oral mucosa, invasive procedure of the respiratory tract that involves incision or biopsy of the respiratory mucosa, such as tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. 

Hall, G., Lund, L., Lamb, J. R., and Jarman, E. R. (2002). Kinetics and mode of peptide delivery via the respiratory mucosa determine the outcome of activation versus TH2 immunity in allergic inflammation of the airways. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 110,883-890. 

Cho J-H, Kwun Y-S, Jang H-S, et al. Long-term use of preservatives on rat nasal respiratory mucosa effects of benzalkonium chloride and potassium sorbate. Laryngoscope 2000 110(2 Part 1) 312. 

Lowrey J, Savage J, Palliser D, Corsin-Jimenez M, Forsyth L, Hall G, Lindey S, Stewart G, Tan K, Hoyne G, Lamb J Induction of tolerance via the respiratory mucosa. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1998 116 93-102. 

Some of the commonly used antitussives are listed in Table 26-1. As shown in the table, codeine and similar opiate derivatives suppress the cough reflex by a central inhibitory effect.21,124 Other nonopioid antitussives work by inhibiting the irritant effects of histamine on the respiratory mucosa or by a local anesthetic action on the respiratory epithelium. The primary adverse effect associated with most antitussives is sedation. Dizziness and gastrointestinal upset may also occur. 

Boneset possesses diaphoretic and aperient properties. Traditionally, it has been used for influenza, acute bronchitis, nasopharyngeal catarrh, and specifically for influenza with deep aching, and congestion of the respiratory mucosa. 

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