Normal diet

Some vitamin K is provided m the normal diet but a large proportion of that required by humans is produced by their intestinal flora... 

Sodium chloride [7647-14-5] is an essential dietary component. It is necessary for proper acid—base balance and for electrolyte transfer between the iatra-and extracellular spaces. The adult human requirement for NaCl probably ranges between 5—8 g/d. The normal diet provides something ia excess of 10 g/d NaCl, and adding salt duting cooking or at the table iacreases this iatake. 

One control cycle (normal diet) then one cycle on 28 g TVP/day (23 mg/day conjugated isoflavones, n = 6)... 

Those with a normal diet take in food in the forms of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Because it has a low water content and produces so many ATP molecules, fat yields 9.3 Calories per gram while carbohydrates and proteins yield less than half as much (4.1 and 4.3 calorics per gi-am respectively). Thus, we get a huge number of calories from a small quantity of fat eaten. The average person in the United States has a diet with 50 percent of the calories in the form of carbohydrates, 35 percent in the form of fat and 15 percent in the form of protein. We need about 1 gram of protein per kilogram of body weight per day to replace body proteins that are broken down. A 70 kg person... 

One of the metabolic reactions to majot ttauma, such as a burn, a broken limb, or surgery, is an increase in the net catabolism of tissue proteins. As much as 6-7% of the total body protein may be lost ovet 10 days. Prolonged bed rest results in considetable loss of protein because of atrophy of muscles. Protein is catabohzed as normal, but without the stimulus of exercise it is not completely replaced. Lost protein is replaced during convalescence, when there is positive nittogen balance. A normal diet is adequate to petmit this replacement. 

Finally, the presence in human post-mortem brain tissue of the active metabolite of diazepam, desmethyldiazepam, raised some curiosity and frank alarm (Sangameswaran et al. 1986). At the time of its discovery in the brain it was thought that there was no enzyme system capable of producing such halogenated compounds and that its presence in the brain reflected dietary intake from an environment contaminated by overuse of its parent compound. However, its discovery in stored brain tissue which had been obtained before the synthesis of the benzodiazepines allayed these fears. It is now thought possible that some benzodiazepines, including desmethyldiazepam, occur naturally and that they are taken in as part of a normal diet (Table 19.5). 

Sodium chloride is a white, crystalline substance held together by the electrostatic forces between its two constituents, sodium ions and chloride ions. Salt is essential for human life. An average person has almost a quarter pound of it distributed throughout his or her body. Many of the sodium ions are found in the blood, where, among other things, they regulate blood pressure. Because salt is lost in sweat and urine, a normal diet requires us to consume it regularly. 

Patients with end-stage renal disease hyperphosphatemia ineffectively filter excess phosphate that enters the body in the normal diet.278 Elevated phosphate produces the bone disorder renal osteodystrophy. Skeletal deformity may occur, possibly associated with cardiovascular disease. Calcium deposits may further build up around the body and in blood vessels creating further health risks. The use of lanthanum carbonate is being promoted as an alternative to aluminum-based therapies.279,280 Systemic absorption, and cost have produced a clinical candidate, Fosrenol (AnorMED), an intriguing use of a lanthanide compound in therapy. 

Although they are effective, catheter-based testing systems may be limited by patient discomfort and interference with normal diet and activities. The probe can cause a great deal of discomfort and sometimes patients do not tolerate it. Wireless pH measurement devices have been used in studies to reduce these limitations and to provide prolonged, continuous recordings of esophageal pH for up to 48 hours [166, 167]. 

Flavonoids are found in fruits, vegetables, seeds, and flowers, as well as in some drinks, such as beer, wine, black and green teas, and soy beverages. Consequently, these kind of compounds are consumed in a normal diet, although they can also be consumed as supplements. 

Sheep fed copper-deficient diets of less than 2.5 mg Cu/kg DW ration (vs. a normal diet of... 

Fed diets containing 25 mg Pb/kg, as lead nitrate, for 12 weeks No deaths no pathology no significant accumulations of lead in liver, kidney, or bone no changes in hemoglobin or hematocrit decrease in blood ALAD activity, and increase in blood lead levels — both returned to normal diet within 3 weeks on lead-free diet 8... 

Low nickel diet fed to patients with chronic nickel dermatitis Significant improvement in 6 weeks adverse effects when placed on normal diet 10... 

Rat 20 mg/kg diet After 7 days, decreased food intake after 3 to 4 weeks, hind limb weakness and some deaths on return to normal diet, signs of poisoning gone in 7 days with normal weight in 4 weeks 21... 

Domestic sheep (Ovis aries) fed a low-zinc diet (2.2 mg Zn/kg DW diet) for 50 days, when compared to those fed a zinc-adequate diet (33 mg Zn/kg DW diet), excreted less zinc (<4 mg daily vs. 23 to 25), consumed less food (409 g daily vs. 898), and had lower plasma zinc concentrations (0.18 mg/L vs. 0.53 to 0.58) a reduction in plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and an increase in plasma zinc binding capacity were also noted (Khandaker and Telfer 1990). Sensitive indicators of zinc deficiency in lambs include significant reductions in plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and plasma zinc concentrations signs were clearly evident in lambs fed 10.8 mg Zn/kg DW diet for 50 to 180 days (Vergnes et al. 1990). A normal diet for lambs contains 124 to 130 mg Zn/kg DW ration vs. 33 for adults (Vergnes et al. 1990). One recommended treatment for zinc-deficient sheep is ruminal insertion of zinc-containing boluses every 40 days bolus zinc release is about 107 mg daily (Khandaker and Telfer 1990). 

Rabbit, Oryctolagus sp. fed Chernobyl-contaminated alfalfa meal diet containing, in Bq/kg FW, 856 137Cs, 369 134Cs, and 540 40K or normal diet (112 137Cs,... 

W3. Woodson, H. W., Hier, S. W., and Salomon, J. D., Urinary excretion of amino acids by human subject on normal diets. J. Biol. Chem. 172, 613-618 (1948). 

Calcium retention is dependent on two factors, absorption and excretion. Normal subjects have been observed to have apparent calcium absorptions of 23 (sd = 12) to 27 (sd = 17) percent of the calcium from normal diets (21,22). For 20 women aged 55 to 65 consuming 629 (se = 92) milligrams dietary calcium daily, the apparent absorption was 32.1 (se = 1.9) percent (23). An apparent calcium absorption of 29.5 percent (n = 130) may be calculated from data published by Heaney et al. (15). Apparent absorption values from 29 to 42 percent may be calculated from data published by Linkswiler (24,25). However, much lower apparent absorption values of 6 to 15 percent may also be calculated from data published from the same laboratory (26). Although there is considerable variability in the apparent absorption values determined from many studies, a conservative value of 25 percent seems realistic for normal people consuming typical diets. 

Frederick Gowland Hopkins, analytical chemist, physician and biochemist, had conducted numerous experiments in animal feeding prior to his famous comment in 1906 that no animal could live on a diet of pure protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals and water. He cited the simple fact that animals live upon plants or other animals whose tissues contain many other substances besides those usually considered adequate for a normal diet, "...it is certain that there are many minor factors in all diets of which the body takes account." (11)... 

The value of R varies according to which energy substrates make up the predominant part of the diet. With a normal diet, it is assumed to have a value of 0.8 pure carbohydrate metabolism gives a value of 1.0. 

Table 10.2 Rate of urea production in adult humans on normal, low protein and restored normal diets...

The synthesis of fatty acids in humans takes place in the liver and adipose tissue. The rates of synthesis are normally relatively low in adults in developed countries, probably because the normal diet contains such a high proportion of fat which reduces the activities of enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis by decreasing expression... 

It is claimed that chronic deficiency of arachidonic acid can lead to a number of medical problems that can be overcome by supplementation of a normal diet with evening primrose oil. Supplementation is claimed to lead to an alleviation of eczema reduction in premenstrual tension and breast pain during menstruation improvement in some chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases reduction in blood pressure in hypertensive patients and reduction in blood cholesterol levels. As might be expected, these claims are controversial, but they serve to illustrate how basic biochemical information can lead to a considerable lay interest in a subject. 

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