Apple peeling

To date, the structural features of pectic polysaccharides and plant cell walls have been studied extensively using chemical analysis and enzymatic degradation. In addition, research on isolation and physicochemical characterisation of pectin from citrus peels, apple peels, sunflower head residues and sugar beet pulp has been reported (2). However, the pectic polysaccharides extracted from wheat straw have only previously been reported by Przeszlakowska (3). The author extracted 0.44% pectic substances from Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. 

The literature on the distribution of natural selenium in the soils, the absorption by vegetation, the toxicity of compounds of either natural or applied selenium to man and animals, and the use of selenium as a spray for insect control is voluminous and no attempt is made to cover it here. The literature has been well reviewed fairly recently ( ). Very little has been published on the increase in selenium content of apple peelings, due to the application of selenium-bearing sprays. 

Du Z and Bramlage W J (1995), Peroxidative activity of apple peel in relation to development of post-storage disorders , Hortic Sci, 30, 205-209. 

Barden CL and WJ Bramlage. 1994. Accumulation of antioxidants in apple peels as related to postharvest factors and superficial scald susceptibility of the fruit. J Am Soc Hort Sci 119 264—269. 

Wolfe K, Wu X and Liu RH. 2003. Antioxidant activity of apple peels. J Agric Food Chem 51 609-614. 

Golding JB, McGlasson WB, Wyllie SG and Leach DN. 2001. Fate of apple peel phenolics during cool... 

JLIFT GLASS PLATE. DROP INTO JAR APPLE PEELINGS AND MOISTENED, BRIGHT-COLORED FLOWER. COVER AGAIN WITH GLASS PLATE. IN A SHORT WHILE, COLORS HAVE BLEACHED. 

Lommen A, Godejohann M, Venema DP, Hollman PCH and Spraul M, Application of directly coupled HPLC-NMR-MS to the identification and confirmation of quercetin glycosides and phloretin glycosides in apple peel. Anal Chem 72 1793-1797 (2000). 

The configuration at C-2 of methyl 2-acetoxy-20/3-hydroxyursonate (162) from apple peel is a.121 Guaijavolic acid from the leaves of Psidium guaijava122 is identical with 2a-hydroxyursolic acid (163). The related triol (164) has been... 

The majority of carotenoids tested in this study increased the rhodamine accumulation of the Colo 320 MDR/MRP human colon cancer cells by the inhibition of the MDR1-mediated efflux pump activity. The cell size and the intracellular or sub cellular structures of carotenoid-treated cells were not modified during the short period of the flow cytometric experiments. The mean fluorescence and the shift of the fluorescence peak increased to various extents in the presence of carotenoids. The most active compounds were antheraxanthin, violeoxanthin, apple peel phytox-anthin, lutein and violaxanthin, while the luteoxanthin, neoxanthin and /f-cryploxanlhin were only moderate in their inhibition of the efflux pump (Tables 7, 8). 

Citramalic acid (= 2- Malus domestica (apple peel) (Rosaceae) Sour (acid) taste... 

Leaf, fruit petal of various plants e.g. Malus spp. (apple peel) (Rosaceae), Citrus sinensis (orange peel) (Rutaceae)... 

Carrasco-Pozo, C. Speisky, H. Brunser, O. Pastene, E. Gotteland, M. 2011. Apple peel polyphenols protect against gastrointestinal mucosa alterations induced by indomethacin in rats. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59 6459-6466. 

McIntosh apples peeled and sliced, cooked 3 to 4 min to soften, hot-packed with 50% rup in Ball Ideal pint jars, 5/16-in. headspace, processed 10 min in boiling water. 

Figure 3 High-performance reversed-phase chromatography of glycosylated flavonoids and other phenolic compounds with UV absorption (a) navel orange peel (350nm), (b) soybean seeds (270nm), (c) Fuji apple peel (270nm), (d) cranberry (270 nm), (e) Fuji apple peel (520 nm), and (f) cranberry (520 nm). Reproduced from L.-Z. Lin J. M. Harnly, J. Agric. Food...

Figure 1. Extraction of pectin fractions of AIS of apples (peeled and cored).

This ester has a very diffusive and penetrating, sweet-ethereal, fruity odor. In extreme dilution it is reminiscent of apple peel with a slightly fatty peach-like undertone (Arctander, 1967). It has a fruity, over-ripe, cheesy flavor (Chemisis, 1999). The probable threshold would be 43 ppb in water (confidence limits 15-120 ppb) according to Ahmed et al. (1978) and the probable flavor threshold 59 ppb (confidence limits 23-150). 

If you don t have a dehydrator, try either of the two methods below for drying apples. Peel, core and slice the apples into rings, then put them into a bowl of water mixed with a little lemon juice to prevent them turning brown. 

Perez, A., Sanz, C., Richardson, D., and Olias, J. Methyl jasmonate promotes 3-carotene synthesis and chlorophyll degradation in golden delicious apple peel. J. Plant Growth Regul. 12, 163-167, 1993. 

Several quercetin glycosides have been reported in apple peel, the principal one being quercetin 3-galactoside, although the 3-arabinoside, the 3-rhamnoside, the 3-xyloside, the 3-rutinoside and the 3-glucoside of quercetin have also been reported. Those flavonoids are present in the peel at concentrations between 1540 and 2851 mg/kg fw. [16]. 

Moreover, there is the problem of scale. In the kitchen, apple sauce can be made from a few apples using kitchen tools such as a knife, a spoon, and a pan. The apple peels and cores can simply be thrown away. The sauce is usually eaten the same day. In an apple sauce factory on the other hand, machines have to he used to prepare the apples and the factory is expected to find a proper solution for the growing amount of apple peels and cores because they can not just he thrown away . Also, measures have to be taken to store and distribute the sauce, since production and consumption are separated in time and place (Van Aalsvoort, 2000). 

NMR is also a non-destructive technique, and a small number of sequential applications have been published. Wilson and co-workers [147] used HPLC-DAD-NMR-MS to characterize plant extracts. Hanson and co-workers [148] used a similar approach to examine another plant extract of pharmaceutical interest. In both cases, the complementary nature of the data provided quantitation of both major and minor constituents and aided in the structural identification of several of the minor components, including chiral isomers. Lommen et al. [149] describe a similarly configured system. The DAD and MS outputs were used to detect peaks, which were then transferred for NMR. They examined glycosides found in apple peel. They identified six quercetin glycosides and two phloretin glycosides, with the NMR data providing the definitive conformational data to differentiate the isomers. 

Fig. 1.17a,b. Apple peel mesentery, a Plain radiograph showing dilated proximal loops suggesting high obstruction, b Surgical specimen shows the dilated proximal segment and the collapsed distal segment, which is spiraled around its vascular supply and resembles an apple peel . The mesentery is short... 

Leonidas JC, Amoury R, Ashcraft K et al (1976) Duodenojejunal atresia with apple peel small bowel a distinct form of intestinal atresia. Radiology 118 661-665... 

Manning C, Straus A, Gyepes MT (1989) Jejunal atresia with apple peel deformity. A report of eight survivors. J Peri-natol 9 281-286... 

Waldhausen JHT, Sawin RS (1997) Improved long-term outcome for patients with jejunoileal apple peel atresia. J Pediatr Surg 32 1307-1309... 

Quercetin-rich apple peel hot water extract (PE) and apple pomace (juice) extract (PE) Caco-2 cells Diminished DMA damage and ROS level. [88]... 

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