Antigens, 1 and

Selected adhesion molecules represent yet another antibody target. Adhesion molecules, such as LFA-1 (leukocyte function-associated antigen-1) and ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1), play central roles in promoting migration of inflammatory cells to the sites of damage. Such activities underlie many of the symptoms of conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. Inhibition of adhesion molecule function by administration of antibodies raised against them may, therefore, demonstrate therapeutic potential in some instances. 

There has been considerable interest in the role of Epstein-Barr virus in the etiology of several autoimmune diseases, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. Epstein-Barr virus is a common infection. Most people (90% or more) are infected, without symptoms or with only mild, nonspecific symptoms, during childhood. When people are exposed as teenagers or as adults, however, infection may result in mononucleosis. Of importance with respect to autoimmune diseases, Epstein-Barr virus infects B cells and results in a latent infection. A close similarity between a peptide sequence in the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen-1 and a sequence in the Sm autoantigen, one of the autoantibodies seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, has been reported (Sabbatini et al., 1993). In addition, several epidemiological studies have demonstrated strong associations between exposure to Epstein-Barr virus, as demonstrated by virus-specific IgG or IgA antibodies, and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus in children (James et al., 1997) and adults (James et al., 2001 Parks et al., 2005). 

Li F, Dluzewski A, Coley A M, et al. (2002). Phage-displayed peptides bind to the malarial protein apical membrane antigen-1 and inhibit the merozoite invasion of host erythrocytes./. Biol. Chem. 277 50303-50310. 

Cataltepe, S., Gornstein, E.R., Schick, C. et al. (2000) Co-expression of the squamous cell carcinoma antigens 1 and 2 in normal adult human tissues and squamous cell carcinomas. J Histochem Cytochem, 48, 113-122. 

Fig. 9. Immunosensor approaches where A is the analyte, is the labeled analyte, and Y is the antibody, (a) Direct immunosensors where the actual antigen—antibody interaction is measured (b) indirect immunosensors 1 and 2 which utilize formats similar to competitive and displacement...

One component of the age-ielated decline in immune function is decreased production of the lymphokine that promotes the growth of T-ceUs, interleukin 2 (IL-2). Administration of recombinant-derived IL-2, both in vitro and in vivo, appears to restore certain immune functions in aged mice. Recovery of T-regulatory effects on B-ceU differentiation has been reported in human cells from elderly patients treated with IL-1 and/or IL-2 (42). Similar effects have been observed in the presence of the pentapeptide thymopentin [69558-55-0] (Arg Lys Asp Val Tyr), a weU-known IL-2 inducer. Recombinant IL-2 adrninistered to aged mice for three weeks has been shown to correct the T-ceU functional deficiency associated with antigen-specific immunoglobulin production by certain lymphoid tissue (43). 

T. Hodder, P. Crewther, M. Lett, and co-workers, "Apical Membrane Antigen 1 A potential Malaria Vaccine Candidate," 7th Malaria Meeting of British Society ofParasilolgy, London, Sept. 19—21,1995. 

By virtue of their fused /3-lactam-thiazolidine ring structure, the penicillins behave as acylating agents of a reactivity comparable to carboxylic acid anhydrides (see Section 5.11.2.1). This reactivity is responsible for many of the properties of the penicillins, e.g. difficult isolation due to hydrolytic instability (B-49MI51102), antibacterial activity due to irreversible transpeptidase inhibition (Section 5.11.5.1), and antigen formation via reaction with protein molecules. 

Class 1 and class II MHC molecules bind peptide antigens and present them at the cell surface for interaction with receptors on T cells. The extracellular portion of these molecules consists of a peptide-binding domain formed by two helical regions on top of an eight-stranded antiparallel p sheet, separated from the membrane by two lower domains with immunoglobulin folds. These domains are differently disposed between the two protein subunits in class I and class II molecules. 

Fig. 3. Haptens and multivalent antigens prepared in this syudy. The viologen derivative, 4,4 -bipyridinium, l-(carboxypentyl)-l -methyl-dichloride (1), divalent antigen 2, and trivalent antigen 3. Anti-porphyrin antibodies were elicited for [5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-tris-(4-methylpyridyl)]porphine (3MPylC) or meso-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphine (TCPP). meso-Tetrakis(4-methylpyridyl)porphine (TMPyP) was used to investigate the specificity of the antibody dendrimer for porphyrins...

Booth V Keizer DW, Kamphuis MB et al (2002) The CXCR3 binding chemokine IP-IO/CXCLIO structure and receptor interactions. Biochemistry 41 10418-10425 Burns JM, Summers BC, Wang Y et al (2006) A novel chemokine receptor for SDF-1 and I-TAC involved in cell survival, cell adhesion, and tumor development. J Exp Med 203 2201-2213 Callebaut C, Krust B, Jacotot E et al (1993) T cell activation antigen, CD26, as a cofactor for entry of HIV in CD4+ cells. Science 262 2045-2050... 

A number of diflFerent animal models of uveitis have been developed) including that induced by organ-specific ocular antigens such as retinal S-antigen, rhodopsin and lens protein (Wacker et al., 1977 Rao et al., 1979). Other models are based on the injection of proteins foreign to the host, such as intravitreal injections of albumin or 7-globulin (Zimmerman and Silverstein, 1959 Kaplan etal., 1979). More recently, a third group of models has been developed based on the injection of inflammatory mediators such as interleukins-1 and 2, and tumour necrosis factor (Bhattacherjee and Henderson, 1987 ... 

CDS Defines MHC class I-restricted T cell subset present on NK cells CDIO Known to be common acute leukaemia antigen CDlla Known to be zn a chain of LFA-1 (leucocyte function antigen-1) present on several types of leucocyte and which mediates adhesion CDllc Known to be z complement receptor 4 a chain. 

TIMP-1, TIMP-2 Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1 and 2 Ha Thymus leukaemia antigen TLC TTiin-layer chromatt raphy TLCK Tosyl-lysyl-CHiCl TLP Tumour-like proliferation Tm T memory... 

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