Immunogens and Antigens

In this respect, it is interesting to note that Brade et al. [52] found a different correlation between structure and activity for immunogenicity and antigenicity. Activity was low for isolated lipid A, but significantly higher for lipid A incorporated into the lipid matrix of phospholipid liposomes, probably because of the existence of a lamellar phase in the latter case. This can lead to an exposure of critical epitopes necessary for the manifestation of immunological activities. 

Lebens M, Holmgren J (1994) Mucosal vaccines based on the use of cholera toxin B subunit as immunogen and antigen carrier. In Dev. Biol. Stand. 82 215-227. 

Thus the allergenicity of proteins may be satisfactorily reduced by a designed enzymatic modification of immunogenicity and antigenicity. 

High molecular weight substances which are immunogenic and antigenic per se. Whereas the sensitization of an organism nearly always requires an antigen of... 

The presence of protein in ampicillin has been shown to have a significant effect upon the immunogenicity of the antibiotic (Knudsen et al. 1970). Removal of protein markedly reduced the immunogenicity as well as the antigenicity. Immunogenicity was, however, not completely abolished and low levels of antibody were detected in the rabbits used in the immunization experiments. A similar reduction in immunogenicity and antigenicity of ampicillin preparations (and 6-APA preparations) by reduction of protein levels was shown by Shaltiel et al. (1970, 1971). 

Gnanou, Taton et al. have reported a series of dendrimer-hke PEOs with an increasing structural complexity (Figure 27.7). In this case, the advantages of the dendritic stracture (multivalency and shape persistence) were combined with the specific properties of PEO, namely stealth effect, biocompatibihty, nontoxidty, low immunogenicity, and antigenicity. 

Surface-grafted poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based polymers have demonstrated several useful bio-interfadal properties including protein and cell resistance, and suppression of immunogenic and antigenic activity. Such properties are essential... 

VEGF. Modification (PEGylation) of biologically active proteins results in enhanced stability of proteins, increased circulation time, reduced immunogenicity and antigenicity and retention of all or most of the original protein activity. ... 

At least three mechanisms may be considered whereby the carbohydrate chains could influence immunogenicities and antigenicities of the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 ... 

Barth, R. F., and Singla, O., 1974, Alterations in the immunogenicity and antigenicity of mammalian erythrocytes following treatment with neuraminidase, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 145 168-172. 

Simmons, R. L., and Rios, A., and Ray, P. K., 1971c, Immunogenicity and Antigenicity of lymphoid cells treated with neuraminidase, Nat. New Biol. 231 179-181. 

---