Intensity of effort

The voluminous number of publications in this area over the last 10 years have exceeded 10,000, thus attesting to the intensity of effort directed towards applying molecular methods towards investigation of infectious diseases. Many of these investigations have translated into applications for diagnostic use in the clinical laboratory. The reader is referred to selected reviews on the subject (F2, N3, Wl). The availability of assays for the rapid diagnosis of pulmonary tuber-... 

Fox and Mathews, 1981 Hochschuler, Cotier and Guyer, 1993 Jones, 1988 Wilmore 1982). Essentially this principle states that in order to increase muscular size and strength, a muscle must be stressed - or "overloaded" with a workload that is beyond its present capacity. Your intensity of effort must be great enough to exceed this threshold level so that a sufficient amount of muscular fatigue is produced. 

Coffee decaffeination with carbon dioxide has been the object of a large amount of effort in research and development at the Max Planck Institute for Coal Research in Germany and at other academic and industrial laboratories in Europe and the United States. An indication of the intensity of effort applied to this process comes from a review article that lists the United States patents on decaffeination granted up to the end of 1981 (Paulaitis et al., 1983a). Several earlier patents were inadvertently omitted from that list a corrected version is given in table 10.1. Research activity on supercritical fluid extraction of stimulants from coffee, tea, and cocoa has continued, indicated by the number of United States patents granted since that review article was published some of them are listed in table 10.2. 

In addition to the the above parameters determining respirator seleetion, the following faetors are also eonsidered nature of operation proeess, loeation of hazardous area (espe-eially in respeet to supply of respirable air), employee aetivity and intensity of effort required to perform the work (determines the amount of air whieh must be supplied to lungs), physieal eharaeteristies and limitations of various respirators. 

Reduction. BrezeHus attempted the first reduction of zirconium in 1824 by the reaction of sodium with potassium fiuorozirconate. However, the first pure ductile metal was made in 1925 by the iodide thermal-dissociation method. The successfiil commercial production of pure ductile zirconium via the magnesium reduction of zirconium tetrachloride vapor in an inert gas atmosphere was the result of the intense research efforts of KroU and... 

In a similar scheme, acylation of 2-methoxynaphthalene gives ketone, 15. This is then converted to the acetic acid by the Wilgerodt reaction. Esterification, alkylation of the carbanion (sodium hydride methyl iodide), and finally saponification affords naproxen (17). The intense current effort on nonsteroid antiinflammatory agents and acrylacetic acids in particular make... 

Curie chose for her dissertation research the new topic of uranium rays, a phenomenon that had only recently been observed by Henri Becqiierel. The mystery was the source of the energy that allowed uranium salts to expose even covered photographic plates. Curie s first efforts in the field were systematic examinations of numerous salts to determine which salts might emit rays similar to those of Becquerel s uranium. After discovering that both thorium and uranium were sources of this radiation. Curie proposed the term radioactive to replace uranium rays. She also discovered that the intensity of the emissions depended not on the chemical... 

Minerals generally present difficult problems in chemical analysis, and these problems grow more serious when the elements being determined are as difficult to separate as are those named above. The time and effort that x-ray emission spectrography can save are therefore great, but there are obstacles to be surmounted. Among these are (1) Absorption and enhancement effects are often serious. (2) The element of interest may be present at low concentration in a matrix that is unknown and variable. (3) Satisfactory standards are not always easy to obtain. (4) Simple equipment sometimes does not resolve important analytical lines- completely. (5) Sample preparation and particle size often influence the intensities of analytical lines Class II deviations (7.8) can be particularly serious with minerals. 

The Clean Air Act of 1970 set new standards that went beyond the capabilities of the then existing technology, and spurred a very intensive research effort. The Clean Air Act also called for a study by the National Academy of Sciences of the technological feasibility of meeting the emission standards. On April 11, 1973 William D. Ruckelshaus, administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, announced a delay in enforcing the 1975 standard by one year, to be replaced by an interim standard for California and a more relaxed interim standard for the rest of the forty-nine states. 

One of the major hazards of narcotic administration is respiratory depression, widi a decrease in the respiratory rate and depth. The most common adverse reactions include light-headedness, dizziness, sedation, constipation, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and sweating. When diese effects occur, die primary healdi care provider may lower die dose in an effort to eliminate or decrease die intensity of die adverse reaction. Otiier adverse reactions tiiat may be seen witii die administration of an agonist narcotic analgesic include ... 

Fig. 2. Comparison of the effects of various stress treatments upon reproductive effort in Poa annua. The intensity of each stress treatment is characterised by comparing the growth increment of stressed plants to that of control (unstressed) plants over the same experimental period. , control O, water stress (polyethylene glycol) A, mineral nutrient stress (dilute concentrations of Rorison solution) shading by neutral filters (Smit, 1980).

Over the anode, the hydrogen and CO produced via reactions (1) and (2) are then oxidized at the anode by reacting with the oxygen species transported from the cathode. The catalysis of the fuel such as methane at the anode and oxygen at the cathode becomes increasingly important with demanding catalytic activity as the SOFC operation temperature decreases, which is the aim under intensive research efforts. 

A version of a fusion reactor that has been the subject of intense development efforts is the tokamak, whose design and an experimental prototype are shown here. 

The catalysts used in hydroformylation are typically organometallic complexes. Cobalt-based catalysts dominated hydroformylation until 1970s thereafter rhodium-based catalysts were commerciahzed. Synthesized aldehydes are typical intermediates for chemical industry [5]. A typical hydroformylation catalyst is modified with a ligand, e.g., tiiphenylphoshine. In recent years, a lot of effort has been put on the ligand chemistry in order to find new ligands for tailored processes [7-9]. In the present study, phosphine-based rhodium catalysts were used for hydroformylation of 1-butene. Despite intensive research on hydroformylation in the last 50 years, both the reaction mechanisms and kinetics are not in the most cases clear. Both associative and dissociative mechanisms have been proposed [5-6]. The discrepancies in mechanistic speculations have also led to a variety of rate equations for hydroformylation processes. 

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