Nitrogen production

The tabulation of plant nutrient costs, by product, ia Table 16 shows the principal reasoa for the popularity of anhydrous ammonia as a fertilizer ia the United States. The fob price per ton of nitrogen in the form of ammonia is less than half that for any other nitrogen product. Also, ammonia s relatively high nitrogen content of 82.2% favors low transportation costs, in spite of the need for specialized handling equipment and procedures. 

Nitrogen is used for pressure maintenance in oil and gas reservoirs for enhanced recovery. It is sometimes used as a miscible agent to reduce oil viscosity and increase recovery in deep reservoirs. Other appHcations include recovery of oil in attic formations, gas cap displacement, and a sweep gas for miscible CO2 slugs. Nitrogen competes with CO2, a more miscible gas with hydrocarbons (qv), in most of these appHcations. The production mode is typically by on-site cryogenic separation plants. In 1990, nitrogen production in enhanced recovery operations was 20 x 10 m /d (750 million SCF/d)... 

Speciality Fatty Nitrogen Products, Market Survey, Chem Systems Inc., Tarrytown, New York, Sept. 1986. 

Ammonia is also the primary building block for downstream manufacturing of a wide range of fertilizer products. Table 18 gives the relative amounts of ammonia used for the manufacture of these nitrogen products. 

Nitrogen Products" in Chemical Economics Handbook, SRI International, Menlo Park, Calif., June 1988. 

The formation of heterocycles derived from quinones is an important synthetic technique. The reaction may be intramolecular, eg, the reaction of (92). Either nitrogen products, eg (93) (yields of 85—91% for R = H, CH, and C H ) or oxygen products (94) are obtained (92,93). Reactions with enamines have been especially important. 

Sodium nitrate is used as a fertiliser and in a number of industrial processes. In the period from 1880—1910 it accounted for 60% of the world fertiliser nitrogen production. In the 1990s sodium nitrate accounts for 0.1% of the world fertiliser nitrogen production, and is used for some specific crops and soil conditions. This decline has resulted from an enormous growth in fertiliser manufacture and an increased use of less expensive nitrogen fertilisers (qv) produced from synthetic ammonia (qv), such as urea (qv), ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphates, ammonium sulfate, and ammonia itself (see Ammonium compounds). The commercial production of synthetic ammonia began in 1921, soon after the end of World War I. The main industrial market for sodium nitrate was at first the manufacture of nitric acid (qv) and explosives (see Explosives and propellants). As of the mid-1990s sodium nitrate was used in the production of some explosives and in a number of industrial areas. 

Ruthenium, tris(2,2 -bipyrazinyl)-in photochemical nitrogen production from water. 6, 510... 

Wilkerson EP, Dugdale RC, Hogue VE, Marchi A (2006) Phytoplankton blooms and nitrogen productivity in San Erancisco Bay. Estuaries Coasts 29(3) 401-416... 

Han HS, Qiao Y, Karabiyikoglu M, Giffard RG, Yenari MA. Influence of mild hypothermia on inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and reactive nitrogen production in experimental stroke and inflammation. J Neurosci 2002 22 3921-3928. 

A major pollutant is ammonia (NH3), which is continually added to pool water through the decomposition of the urea in nitrogenous products (urine, sweat etc) introduced by bathers. 

So we see the biggest disadvantage by using chlorine (and chlorine releasing products) and hypochlorites, is the minor efficiency at higher pH level and in presence of polluting nitrogenous products, and the fact is it is poisonous. 

The remaining 4 per cent ammonia reacts to produce nitrogen production of 1 mol of N2 requires mol of O2, by either reaction 2 or 1 and 3 combined. 

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