And fragrances

Isopropyl alcohol is prepared from petroleum by hydration of propene With a boil mg point of 82°C isopropyl alcohol evaporates quickly from the skin producing a cool mg effect Often containing dissolved oils and fragrances it is the major component of rubbing alcohol Isopropyl alcohol possesses weak antibacterial properties and is used to maintain medical instruments m a sterile condition and to clean the skin before minor surgery... 

Chloroacetate esters are usually made by removing water from a mixture of chloroacetic acid and the corresponding alcohol. Reaction of alcohol with chloroacetyl chloride is an anhydrous process which Hberates HCl. Chloroacetic acid will react with olefins in the presence of a catalyst to yield chloroacetate esters. Dichloroacetic and trichloroacetic acid esters are also known. These esters are usehil in synthesis. They are more reactive than the parent acids. Ethyl chloroacetate can be converted to sodium fluoroacetate by reaction with potassium fluoride (see Fluorine compounds, organic). Both methyl and ethyl chloroacetate are used as agricultural and pharmaceutical intermediates, specialty solvents, flavors, and fragrances. Methyl chloroacetate and P ionone undergo a Dar2ens reaction to form an intermediate in the synthesis of Vitamin A. Reaction of methyl chloroacetate with ammonia produces chloroacetamide [79-07-2] C2H ClNO (53). 

Many other acrolein derivatives produced via Diels-Alder reactions are classified as flavors and fragrances. Among those of commercial interest are lyral, (1) [31906-04-4] (91,92) andmyrac aldehyde, C 3H2oO, (2) [80450-04-0] (92,93). 

Eastman Goal Chemicals. In 1983 Eastman Chemical Co. became the first chemical producer in the United States to return to coal as a raw material for large-scale manufacture of industrial chemicals (35). In that year, Eastman started manufacturing acetic anhydride from coal. Acetic anhydride is a key intermediate for production of coatings, ceUulosic plastics, and cellulose acetate fibers. Acetic anhydride from other sources also is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, starches and sweeteners, and flavors and fragrances. 

Specifications also appear in other pubHcations, including pubHcations of the Fragrance Materials Association (FMA) of the United States (53,57) (see also Fine chemicals). The FMA specifications include essential oils, natural flavor and fragrance materials, aromatic chemicals, isolates, general tests, spectra, suggested apparatus, and revisions adopted by the FMA. 

International Flavors and Fragrances, Quest International, Givaudan, Takasago, Haarmann Reimer... 

Formic acid is used as an intermediate in the production of a number of dmgs, dyes, flavors, and perfume components. It is used, for example, in the synthesis of aspartame and in the manufacture of formate esters for flavor and fragrance appHcations. 

Synthetic Detergents. Examples of shampoo formulations are given in Table 1. The names of the ingredients are those designated by the Cosmetics, Toiletry and Fragrance Association (CTFA). 

The hydroxybenzaldehydes are used primarily as chemical intermediates for a variety of products. The largest single use of sahcylaldehyde is in the manufacture of coumarin. Coumarin is an important commercial chemical used in soaps, flavors and fragrances, and electroplating (see Coumarin). Other significant uses of both sahcylaldehyde and -hydroxybenzaldehyde are as follows. 

Flavors and Fragrances. SaUcylaldehyde is a starting material in the synthesis of coumatin, which finds extensive use in the soap (qv) and perfume (qv) industries and saUcylaldehyde can be used itself as a preservative in essential oils and perfumes (see Oils, essential). The antibacterial activity of sahcylaldehyde is strong enough to allow its use at very low concentrations (79). 

Methyl Isopropyl Ketone. Methyl isopropyl ketone [563-80-4] (3-methyl-2-butanone) is a colorless Hquid with a characteristic odor of lower ketones. It can be produced by hydrating isoprene over an acidic catalyst at 200—300°C (150,151) or by acid-catalyzed condensation of methyl ethyl ketone and formaldehyde to 2-methyl-l-buten-3-one, foUowed by hydrogenation to the product (152). Other patented preparations are known (155,156). Methyl isopropyl ketone is used as an intermediate in the production of pharmaceuticals and fragrances (see Perfumes), and as a solvent (157). It is domestically available from Eastman (Longview, Texas) (47). 

Diketones can be prepared by oxidation of the corresponding monoketone (287) or a-hydroxyketone (288). 1,2-Diketones are used extensively as intermediates in the preparation of pharmaceuticals, flavors, and fragrances. Toxicity data for selected diketones are shown in Table 11. 

Experimental procedures have been described in which the desired reactions have been carried out either by whole microbial cells or by enzymes (1—3). These involve carbohydrates (qv) (4,5) steroids (qv), sterols, and bile acids (6—11) nonsteroid cycHc compounds (12) ahcycHc and alkane hydroxylations (13—16) alkaloids (7,17,18) various pharmaceuticals (qv) (19—21), including antibiotics (19—24) and miscellaneous natural products (25—27). Reviews of the microbial oxidation of aUphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons (qv) (28), monoterpenes (29,30), pesticides (qv) (31,32), lignin (qv) (33,34), flavors and fragrances (35), and other organic molecules (8,12,36,37) have been pubflshed (see Enzyp applications, industrial Enzyt s in organic synthesis Elavors AND spices). 

By the thirteenth century AD, essential oils were being produced along with medicinal and herbal preparations in pharmacies. Around this time improvements in distillation techniques were made, in particular the development of the alembic apparatus, which would eventually estabUsh the quaUty of such matenals. As a result, many of the essential oils in use today are denved from those produced in the sixteenth and seventeenth centunes in terms of odor character, even though production methods have continued to evolve. The current practice of aroma therapy is an indication of this common root of medicinal and fragrance chemistry. 

Essential Oils. Essential oils are produced by distillation of flowers, leaves, stems, wood, herbs, roots, etc. Distillations can be done directly or with steam. The technique used depends mosdy on the desired constituents of the starting material. Particular care must be taken in such operations so that undesired odors are not introduced as a result of pyrolytic reactions. This is a unique aspect of distillation processing in the flavor and fragrance industry. In some cases, essential oils are obtained by direct expression of certain fmits, particular of the citms family. These materials maybe used as such or as distillation fractions from them (see Oils, essential). 

Orris. Orris is produced from rhi2omes of Ins pallida and Ins germanica. The plants are found and cultivated mosdy ia Italy, but also ia Morocco and China. It is used ia perfumery as an absolute, a steam-distilled essential oil, and a concrete. The last material, which is a low melting soHd (due to a high content of myristic acid) and therefore erroneously called a concrete, is by far the most used. Orris has a violet-like odor useful ia fine perfumes, luxury soaps, and fragrances for powders and other cosmetic products. Its most important odor contributors are the irones, of which the most important isomer... 

Other uses of 4-methylphenol include its conversion to a benzotriazole uv stabilizer, 2-(2 -hydroxy-5 -methylphenyl)benzotriazole [2440-22-4] (45). The benzotriazole-based uv stabilizer makes possible the extended use of thermoplastics in outdoor appHcations. Other minor appHcations for 4-methylphenol include its use in the production of novolak or resole phenoHc resins. It is also used in the production of certain dyes and fragrances (Table 3). 

The odd-carbon stmcture and the extent of branching provide amyl alcohols with unique physical and solubiUty properties and often offer ideal properties for solvent, surfactant, extraction, gasoline additive, and fragrance appHcations. Amyl alcohols have been produced by various commercial processes ia past years. Today the most important iadustrial process is low pressure rhodium-cataly2ed hydroformylation (oxo process) of butenes. 

Other appHcations of amyl alcohols include their use as flavor and fragrance chemicals. Amyl isovalerate and amyl saHcylate consumed a maximum of 450 t of amyl alcohols (150). Isoamyl saHcylate is used to a large extent in soap and cosmetic fragrances because of its cost effectiveness (167). Isoamyl... 

Another analysis handled effectively by use of gc/ir/ms is essential oil characterization which is of interest to the foods, flavors, and fragrances industries (see Oils essential). Even very minor components in these complex mixtures can affect taste and aroma. Figure 4 shows the TRC and TIC for Russian corriander oil which is used extensively in seasonings and perfumes (15). The ir and ms are serially configured. Spectra can be obtained from even the very minor gc peaks representing nanogram quantities in the it flow cell. 

The main commercial apphcations for sahcylate esters are as uv sunscreen agents and as flavor and fragrance agents. Several have apphcation as topical analgesics. A number of sahcylate esters of commercial interest and their physical properties are hsted in Table 8. 

As a pharmaceutical, methyl salicylate is used in liniments and ointments for the relief of pain and for rheumatic conditions. As a flavor and fragrance agent, it is used in confectioneries, dentifrices, cosmetics, and perfumes. Other commercial applications for methyl salicylate are as a dye carrier, as a uv-light stabilizer in acrylic resins, and as a chemical intermediate. The May 1996 price was 5.50/kg (18). 

Isoamyl saUcylate is perhaps the most important ester of saUcyhc acid for perfumery purposes. Generally, it is manufactured by the transesterification of methyl saUcylate. It has a characteristic flowery aroma and is useful in soap fragrances. The May 1996 price was 5.30/kg (18). Other saUcylates of commercial interest as flavor and fragrance agents include isopropyl, isobutyl, phenethyl [87-22-9] and 2-ethyIhexyl saUcylates. 

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