And feeding in fishes

Fauconneau B (1984) The measurement of whole body protein synthesis in larval and juvenile carp Cyprinus carpio). Comp Biochem Physiol 78B 845-850 Fauconneau B (1985) Protein synthesis and protein deposition in fish. In Cowey CB, Mackie AM, Bell JG (eds) Nutrition and feeding in fish. Academic Press, London Fauconneau B, Aguirre P, Blanc JM (1990) Protein synthesis in different tissues of mature rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri R.). Influence of triploidy. (In Press)... 

KOLKOVSKI s (2004) Marine fish larvae diets - current status and future directions , IF International Symposium on Nutrition and Feeding in Fish, 2-1 May, Phuket, Thailand. 

In general, nonconventional protein foods must be competitive with conventional plant and animal protein sources on the bases of cost delivered to the consumer, nutritional value to humans or animals, functional value in foods, sensory quality, and social and cultural acceptability. Also, requirements of regulatory agencies in different countries for freedom from toxins or toxic residues in single-cell protein products, toxic glycosides in leaf protein products, pathogenic microorganisms, heavy metals and toxins in fish protein concentrates, or inhibitory or toxic peptide components in synthetic peptides must be met before new nonconventional food or feed protein products can be marketed. 

Black, D. (1983). The metabolic response to starvation and re-feeding in fish. Ph.D. thesis, University of Aberdeen, Scotland. 

R. T. Lovell and G. O. Elnaggar, Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Feeding and Nutrition in Fish, Toha, Japan, (Aug. 28-Sept. 1,1989), pp. 159—165. 

The prerequisite of effective economic management in modem industrial fisheries is increasing their productivity that is directly linked to the use of complete and cost- effective feed. The most important task is to create and use in fish fanning the feed, which ... 

Kossman, H. (1989) Present status and problems of aquaculture in the Nordic countries with special reference to fish feed. Proc. 3rd Internat. Symp. on Feeding and Nutrition in Fish, Toba, Japan. (Cited in Hardy, R.W., Torrissen, O.J. and Scott, T.M. (1990) Absorption and distribution of C-labelled canthaxanthin in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Aquacult. 87, 331-340. 

Hard pellets are the type preferred if the species under culture will accept them. Semimoist feeds are most commonly used in conjunction with feeding young fishes and species that find hard pellets unpalatable. Moist feeds, which contain high percentages of fresh fish, are usually available only in the vicinity of fish-processing plants. 

Animal Feed. In animal feeds (1—3% lecithin) lecithin is an emulsifier wetting and dispersiag agent energy source antioxidant surfactant source of choline, organically combiaed phosphoms and iaositol and Hpotropic agent. It is used ia a milk replacer formula for calves (approximately 10,000 t of lecithin ate used for this purpose) and for veal production, ia mineral feeds, poultry feeds, fish foods, pet foods, and feeds for fur-beating animals (30). 

Free substitution of protein meals ia feeds is much more restricted than interchange of oils ia foods. Because of a good balance of essential amino acids, soybean meal is an indispensable ingredient for efficient feeding of nonmminants, eg, poultry and swine. Soybeans provide ca 60% of the world s protein meals, including fish meal (Table 14). Of the 30.0 x 10 t of soybean meal produced in the United States in 1994—1995, 24.2 x 10 t was used domestically, primarily in feeds, and 5.7 x 10 t was exported (50). In the United States, poultry consume the largest share of soybean meal, followed by swine. Lesser amounts are fed to beef and dairy catde. Soybean meal is a principal ingredient in many pet foods (see Feeds and feed additives). 

Most of the thiamine sold worldwide is used for dietary supplements. Primary market areas include the following appHcations addition to feed formulations, eg, poultry, pigs, catde, and fish (see Feeds and feed additives) fortification of refined foods, eg, flours, rice, and cereal products and incorporation into multivitamins. Small amounts are used in medicine to treat deficiency diseases and other conditions, in agriculture as an additive to ferti1i2ers (qv), and in foods as flavorings. Generally for dry formulations, the less soluble, nonhygroscopic nitrate is preferred. Only the hydrochloride can be used for intravenous purposes. Coated thiamine is used where flavor is a factor. 

Another major incident concerning methyl mercury was the severe pollution of Minamata bay in Japan (see Box 8.1). Here fish, fish-eating and scavenging birds, and humans feeding upon fish all died from organomercury poisoning. There may have been localized declines of marine species in this area due to methyl mercury, but there is no clear evidence of this. 

---