Protein meal

Compositions of the four oilseeds are given in Table 2. All except soybeans have a high content of seed coat or hull. Because of the high hull content, the cmde fiber content of the other oilseeds is also high. Confectionery varieties of sunflower seed may contain up to 28% cmde fiber on a dry basis (8). Soybeans differ from the other oilseeds in their high protein and low oil content. AH these oilseeds, however, yield high protein meals when dehuUed and defatted. 

A metric ton of soybeans yields 181 kg of cmde oil, 794 kg of 44% protein meal (hulls present), or 722 kg of 48% protein meal (hulls removed) plus 72 kg of hulls. Shrinkage is 25 kg. 

Free substitution of protein meals ia feeds is much more restricted than interchange of oils ia foods. Because of a good balance of essential amino acids, soybean meal is an indispensable ingredient for efficient feeding of nonmminants, eg, poultry and swine. Soybeans provide ca 60% of the world s protein meals, including fish meal (Table 14). Of the 30.0 x 10 t of soybean meal produced in the United States in 1994—1995, 24.2 x 10 t was used domestically, primarily in feeds, and 5.7 x 10 t was exported (50). In the United States, poultry consume the largest share of soybean meal, followed by swine. Lesser amounts are fed to beef and dairy catde. Soybean meal is a principal ingredient in many pet foods (see Feeds and feed additives). 

Table 14. World Production of Oilseed Protein Meals, t x 10 ...

Proteins and Meals. Nutritional properties of the oilseed protein meals and their derived products are deterrnined by the amino acid compositions, content of biologically active proteins, and various nonprotein constituents found in the defatted meals. Phytic acid (3), present as salts in all four meals, is beheved to interfere with dietary absorption of minerals such as 2inc, calcium, and iron (67) (see Food toxicants, naturally occurring Mineral nutrients). ... 

Adjust time with meals and avoid high-protein meals or redistribute the protein in meals... 

Fig. 3 Mean serum erythromycin levels in healthy volunteers given 500 mg of erythromycin stearate with 20 mL of water (A), 250 ml of water ( ), or 250 mL of water immediately after a high-carbohydrate meal (0)> 250 mL of water immediately after a high-fat meal ( ), and 250 mL of water immediately after a high-protein meal (A). (From Ref. 6.). 

When ionic or free urinary calcium was evaluated, high protein meals resulted in equal or slightly depressed calciuric response. The levels of ionic calcium in the urine, as determined by a calcium ion-selective electrode, suggest that a considerable amount of urinary calcium was complexed to anions or compounds with anionic groups. 

When compared to the basal meal (no protein meal), total serum calcium levels were significantly elevated following the ingestion of either cottage cheese meal (P < 0.05). Feeding 15 g of protein from beef also elevated total serum calcium above levels obtained with the basal diet (P < 0.05). Total serum calcium responded similarly to meals containing 0 or 45 g of protein from either beef or soy. 

Responses over all times differed significantly (P < 0.05) between Basal and each of the 45 g protein meals (beef, cottage cheese, soy) response to meals containing 45 g of protein differed significantly (P < 0.05) to those containing 15 g of protein. SD (square root of the error mean square) for the AN0VA = 0.365. 

Serum phosphorus levels responded more dramatically to the meals than did serum calcium. Ingestion of a high protein meal significantly reduced serum phosphorus below those levels obtained when 0 or 15 g of protein was fed. Ingestion of the basal meal elevated serum phosphorus. Therefore, the addition of 45 g of protein to the nutrients in the basal diet negated and reversed the effect on serum phosphorus. Hypophosphatemia has been shown to... 

Pharmacokinetics About 30% absorbed. May be reduced with high-protein meal. Protein binding minimal. Crosses blood-brain barrier. Converted to dopamine. Eliminated primarily in urine and to a lesser amount in feces and expired air. Not removed by hemodialysis. Half-life 0.75 -1.5 hr. 

On average, a ton of soybeans yields about 18% oil, 72% protein meal, 7% hulls, and 3% loss. A listing of the primary fatty acids found in soybean oil is provided in TABLE 12-5. 

Indinavir requires an acidic environment for optimum solubility and therefore must be consumed on an empty stomach or with a small, low-fat, low-protein meal for maximal absorption (60-65%). The serum half-life is 1.5-2 hours, protein binding is approximately 60%, and the drug has a high level of cerebrospinal fluid penetration (up to 76% of serum levels). Excretion is primarily fecal. An increase in AUC by 60% and in half-life to 2.8 hours in the setting of hepatic insufficiency necessitates dose reduction. 

M. Bonotto, USP 2413946(1947) CA 41, 2246(1947) (Non-extruding Dynamites produced by blending the usual constituents with dry vegetable protein meal, such as soybean meal)... 

Amino acids Amino acids derived from a meal containing protein stimulate the release of both glucagon and insulin. The glucagon effectively prevents hypoglycemia that would otherwise occur as a result of increased insulin secretion that occurs after a protein meal. 

Food combining (the Hay diet ) advises against combining starch and sugar with protein and acid fruits. At least 4 h should separate starch and protein meals. Protein, starch, and fats are eaten in small quantities, and all refined and processed foods are prohibited. This diet is said to improve arthritis and digestive problems. 

Several reports show that properly processed whole soybeans can be used effectively in broiler (Parvu et al., 2001) and layer (Sakomura et al., 1998) diets as a partial or complete replacement for soybean or other protein meals, although the digestibility of this ingredient may be more variable than with conventional soybean meal (Opapeju et ah, 2006). 

The relationship between the Maillard reaction and Alzheimer s disease has recently been considered by Gasic-Milenkovic el al.324 AGE concentrations in the serum and urine of healthy individuals increase after the ingestion of an AGE-rich protein meal, in a manner directly proportional to the amount consumed. Only one-third of the AGEs appearing in the serum had been detected in the urine after 48 h, the fate of... 

An adolescent went into delirium after eating a high-protein meal. He had an extremely high blood ammonia level and excreted orotic acid and uracil in the urine. His blood also contained increased glutamine and lysine levels. Despite heroic symptomatic treatment, the patient expired after 2 weeks. His liver tissue showed normal urea cycle enzyme levels, except that for ornithine transcar-bamylase (OTC), whose activity was only 10% that of normal liver. The Km of OTC was normal. Liver carabmylphosphate levels were about 10 times normal. Theoretical computer simulations indicated that urea can be produced at normal rates when liver OTC levels are higher than 0.3% of normal. 

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