Nordic Countries

Iverfeldt A. 1991. Occurrence and turnover of atmospheric mercury over the Nordic countries. Water Air Soil Pollut 56 251-265. 

For the Nordic countries, i.e., Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, the validation procedures and acceptance criteria for analytical methods are specified in the Procedure No. 4 of the Nordic Committee on Food Analysis [Nordisk Methodik... 

The Nordic eco-label is the official eco-label for the Nordic countries [9]. It was founded in 1989 and the aim is to provide customers with a tool (the Nordic eco-label logo) to help them choose among the best, environmental performing products on the market. The criteria are developed by using a life-cycle perspective. The Nordic eco-label has in total 63 product groups. 

Furthermore, some recent initiatives from groups of companies in the Nordic countries should be mentioned. Sweden Textile Water Initiative (STWI) started in 2010 as a joint project between textile and leather retail companies in Sweden. As of November 2011, 32 companies have joined STWI. The aim of the STWI is to produce guidelines for sustainable water management both for the textile sector and the leather sector. 

TCP), and pentachlorophenol (PCP), in order of abundance. Minor amounts of other trichlorophenols and dichlorophenols may also be present, as well as recalcitrant polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPPs) and PCDD/Fs as impurities [75, 76]. In Finland, approximately 30,000 tons of CP products were used between 1934 and 1988, when they were banned because of their potential toxicity to humans and the environment [77, 78]. The careless manufacturing and application of wood preservatives together with the lack of suitable waste disposal caused massive contamination of river sediments and sawmill sites. For example, the river Kymijoki in southern Finland was identified as the largest source of dioxins accumulating in fish in the entire Baltic area. Similar products were used in other European countries, especially Nordic countries with a large forestry industry, such as Sweden [79]. 

Danielsen V, Hansen L L, Moller F, Bejerholm C and Nielsen S (2000), Production results and sensory meat quality of pigs feed different amounts of concentrate and ad lib. Clover-grass or clover grass silage , in Hermansen J E, Lund V and Thuen E, Ecological Animal Husbandry in the Nordic Countries, DARCOF Report, vol. 2, 79-86. 

Waller, P. J., Bernes, G., Thamsborg, S. M., Sukura, A., Richter, S. H., Ingebrigtsen, K. and Hoglund, J. (2001). Plants as de-worming agents of livestock in the Nordic countries historical perspective, popular beliefs and prospects for the future . Acta Veterinary Scandinavia, 42(1), 31 14. 

The Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals (NEG) consisted of scientific experts from the five Nordic countries representing different fields of science, such as toxicology, occupational hygiene, and occupational medicine. The main task was to produce criteria documents (Figure 3.10) to be used by the regulatory authorities of the Nordic countries as the scientific basis for setting Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) for chemical substances. 

NORDTEST. a cooperation of laboratories in the Nordic countries, published a. .Handbook for calculation of measurement uncertainty in environmental laboratories ... 

The route to the Russian Federation and other C.I.S. countries goes mainly via Central Asia heroin destined for the Baltic and Nordic countries is also shipped along this route. Other direct air routes go to Europe via Pakistan (notably to the UK), via the Middle East, eastern and western Africa, as well as (according to Interpol) via western Africa to North America. 

Hermansen, J.E., Lund, V. and Thuen, E. (eds) 2000. Ecological Animal Husbandry in the Nordic Countries. Danish Research Centre Organic Farming, Foulum, Tjele. 

Lauritsen, H.B., Sorensen, G.S. and Larsen, V.A. (2000) Organic pig production in Denmark. In Ecological Animal Husbandry in the Nordic Countries. Proceedings from NJP-seminar No. 303, 1999. DARCOP-report No. 2. pp. 113-118. 

The product patent is in fact a license to charge unrestricted prices for pharmaceuticals. It is unsurprising that until very recently few countries recognized pharmaceutical product patents. Pharmaceutical product patents are a recent introduction in many countries, including France (1968), Germany (1968), the Nordic countries (1968), Japan (1976), Switzerland (1978), Italy (1978), Canada (1987), Spain (1992), Thailand (1992), Argentina (2000), and India (2005). 

Devell, L., Aakrog, A., Blomqvist, L., Magnussen, S. Tveten, V. (1986) How the fallout from Chernobyl was detected and measured in the Nordic countries. Northern Europe, 11, 16-17. 

Boisen K, Kaleva M, Main K, Virtanen H, Haavisto AM, Schmidt I, Chellakooty M, Damgaard I, Mau C, Reunanen M, Skakkebaek N, Toppari J (2004) Difference in prevalence of congenital cryptorchidism in infants between two Nordic countries. Lancet, 363 1264-1269. 

---