Primary markets

Explosion-bonded metals are produced by several manufacturers in the United States, Europe, and Japan. The chemical industry is the principal consumer of explosion-bonded metals which are used in the constmction of clad reaction vessels and heat-exchanger tube sheets for corrosion-resistant service. The primary market segments for explosion-bonded metals are for corrosion-resistant pressure vessels, tube sheets for heat exchangers, electrical transition joints, and stmctural transition joints. Total world markets for explosion-clad metals are estimated to fluctuate between 30 x 10 to 60 x 10 annually. 

Most of the thiamine sold worldwide is used for dietary supplements. Primary market areas include the following appHcations addition to feed formulations, eg, poultry, pigs, catde, and fish (see Feeds and feed additives) fortification of refined foods, eg, flours, rice, and cereal products and incorporation into multivitamins. Small amounts are used in medicine to treat deficiency diseases and other conditions, in agriculture as an additive to ferti1i2ers (qv), and in foods as flavorings. Generally for dry formulations, the less soluble, nonhygroscopic nitrate is preferred. Only the hydrochloride can be used for intravenous purposes. Coated thiamine is used where flavor is a factor. 

The primary manganese dioxide-Zn battery industry still controls the small-battery market. The ratio between batteries and rechargeable batteries is still about 10 1, and although the global battery market will nearly double by the year 2001, this ratio will stay practically the same, because the primary market is estimated to grow by 70 percent (actually stealing only 2-3 percent from the primary market). 

There are a number of major, international manufacturers of coagulant and flocculant polymers whose primary markets are high-volume users (i.e., cities, states, and national governments). There are also many smaller regional manufacturers who tend to specialize in niche markets and produce various polymer blends (organic polymers blended with various ratios of inorganic coagulants such as ACH, PAC, and alum). These polymer blends are particularly useful in industrial facilities where process contamination and difficult clarification problems may exist. 

For materials that are produced in bulk quantities such as cement, mineral acids, and fertilisers, where the cost of the product per tonne is relatively low and the cost of transport a significant fraction of the sales price, the plant should be located close to the primary market. This consideration will be less important for low volume production, high-priced products such as pharmaceuticals. 

One of the most common misconceptions among job seekers is that the resume is their primary marketing tool when looking for a job, and the cover letter is nothing more than an ancillary formality. In reality, your cover letter is as important as your resume when it comes to capturing the attention of a potential employer and selling yourself as a viable candidate for a job opening. 

Section 63 of the PR about tariff for agreements in the primary market is discussed below together with the Tariff Regulation. 

It follows from section 61 of the PR that the owner of the upstream network shall make spare capacity (...) in the primary market available to the operator, who shall make it available collectively and that agreements are are to be entered into with the operator on behalf of the owner . 

Capacity rights acquired in the primary market may be transferred by agreement in the secondary market.22... 

The requirements in the primary market appertaining to natural gas undertakings or eligible customers, and the duly substantiated reasonable need, apply correspondingly for transactions in the secondary market. 

The principles for tariffs in the primary market are laid down in section 63 of the PR. The tariff is based on the capacity reserved by a shipper, irrespective of whether it is actually used or not (ship-or-pay).27 The tariff consists of a capital element and an operating element.28 The capital element, stipulated by the Ministry, takes due consideration to resource management, a reasonable return on investments and other special circumstances.29 The operating element is to be determined so that neither the owners nor the operator has any loss or profit other than the return determined by the capital element.30... 

The secondary capacity market encompasses both the marketplace for transactions of capacity as facilitated by Gassco and the market for bilateral transactions between shippers. Several rules are developed for the use of secondary capacity rights. The core principle is that qualified shippers with existing capacity rights secured in the primary or secondary market can sell this capacity to qualified shippers. Bids and offers are posted on the marketplace and they are valid until acceptance or withdrawal. Invoicing between buyer and seller is done directly on a net price basis where the net price is the agreed price less the primary market tariff. 

As was clarified in Section 3, the Norwegian regime provides the possibility of requiring capacity in two markets, the primary and the secondary market. In the primary market long term, medium term and shortterm rights are traded. In the primary market capacity rights are traded at tariffs determined and published by Norwegian authorities. Tariffs in the primary market are fixed for each individual and predefined zone of the transportation system. 

Unused capacity rights bought in the primary market shall, under given conditions, be released to the secondary market. In the secondary market transportation rights may be traded at any price at the marketplace. The marketplace is facilitated by Gassco or by bilateral agreements. 

The primary market tariff consists of a fixed part and a variable part. The fixed part has to be paid for the right to transport one unit of gas. The fixed part is also called the capital element (chapter 3.5). The tariffs are stipulated... 

Although, the regulation implies that the tariff is rigid downwards (fixed), a tariff almost equal to short run marginal cost is possible if one or several shippers first buy transportation rights in the primary market and thereafter find that the booked capacity will not be utilized and release the rights to the secondary market when, at the same time, pipeline capacity is not scarce. 

There are a number of owners some hold small shares and some hold larger shares. Paying one for transportation in the primary market, the... 

By the fixed tariffs in the primary market, the Norwegian regulations exclude tariffs equal to short run marginal costs or free riding shippers. 

The Norwegian regulation ensures third parties access to the transportation system by requiring capacity by means of a primary and a secondary market. The authorities publish the tariff for the primary market. In the secondary market, the tariffs are not regulated and they are thus market-cleared. Based on this the authors will indicate that the secondary market, in theory, will provide some degree of rationing efficiency. 

The primary market for the disposable cartridge is sterile filtration for the pharmaceutical industry and final point-of-use polishing of ultrapure water for the microelectronics industry. Both industries require very high-quality, particle-free water. The cost of microfiltration compared to the value of the products is small so these markets have driven the microfiltration industry for the past 15 years. 

An alternative view of the ethanol question is would crop producers be willing to sell a portion of their surplus production at a price that ethanol producers would be willing to pay in the absence of a subsidy program That question is particularly pertinent when producers must store their surplus production for some period of time before it is sold in a primary market. The net price received by producers in those markets declines with the length of time that the surplus production is held in storage. Hence,... 

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