Fish and

The planning of decommissioning activities involves extensive periods of consultations with the relevant authorities and interested parties, such as fishing and environmental groups. 

The bulk of global production from aquaculture is utilized directly as human food, with pubhc aquaculture playing a minor role in many nations or being absent. Private aquaculture is not only about human food production, however. There is, in some regions, weU-developed private sector aquaculture involved in the production of bait and ornamental fishes and invertebrates. 

Hard pellets are the type preferred if the species under culture will accept them. Semimoist feeds are most commonly used in conjunction with feeding young fishes and species that find hard pellets unpalatable. Moist feeds, which contain high percentages of fresh fish, are usually available only in the vicinity of fish-processing plants. 

The xylenes are mildly toxic. They ate mild skin irritants, and skin protection and the cannister-type masks are recommended. The oral LD q value for rats is 4300 ppm. The STEL for humans is 150 ppm. Xylenes show only mild toxicity to fish, and the threshold limit for crop damage is 800—2400 ppm. Biodegradation with activated seed is slow, and sewage digestion is impaired by 0.1% concentrations. In the event of a spih, oil-skimming equipment, adsorbent foam, and charcoal maybe used for cleanup. 

Spill Disposal In treatment of spills or wastes the suppression of vapors is the first concern and the aquatic toxicity to plants, fish, and microorganisms is the second. Normal procedures for flammable Hquids should also be carried out. 

PVA fiber ropes are widely used in fishing and on ships, because of excellent weather resistance, coiling property, ease of handling, twist stabihty, etc. For this purpose spun yams obtained directly from tow by the Pedok spinning system are used. 

Other Biological Applications. 4-Nitro-3-(trifluorometh5i)phenol [88-30-2] (TFM) is stiU employed by the Canadian Bureau of Fisheries and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as a lampricide for the control of parasitic sea lamprey in the Great Lakes (see Aquaculture). 

Citric acid is used in carbonated beverages to provide tartness, modify and enhance flavors, and chelate trace metals. It is often added to jams and jellies to control pH and provide tartness. It is used in cured and freeze-dried meat products to protect the amino acids (qv) and improve water retention. Bakers use it to improve the flavor of fmit fillings in baked goods. Because citric acid is a good chelator for trace metals, it is used as an antioxidant synergist in fats and oils, and as a preservative in frozen fish and shellfish (7) (see Antioxidaisits). 

Cells of microorganisms have constituted a portion of human food siace ancient times. Yeast-leavened baked products contain the residual nutrients from the yeast cells destroyed duriag bakiag (see Bakery processes and leavening agents). Cultured dairy products, such as yogurt, buttermilk, and sour cream, contain up to lO cells of lactic acid bacteria per gram (19) (see Milk and milkproducts). Other examples of fermented foods consumed siace early times iaclude fermented meats, fish, and soybean products. 

Seafood Toxins. Vktually scores of fish and shellfish species have been reported to have toxic manifestations. Most of these toxicities have been shown to be microbiological ki origin. There are a few, however, that are natural components of seafoods. 

Epidemiologic studies in Japan indicate an increased risk of stomach cancer owing to consumption of broiled fish and meats (116). In the United States, stomach cancer incidence has steadily declined since the 1940s, whereas consumption of broiled food has increased (108). In addition, the average human intake of PAHs is only 0.002 of that required to produce cancer in half of animals fed. Test results are often contradictory (117) and many components of food, such as vitamin A, unsaturated fatty acids, thiols, nitrites, and even saUva itself, tend to inhibit the mutagenic activity of PAHs (118—120). Therefore, the significance of PAHs in the human diet remains unknown (121,109). 

Sources of human exposure to formaldehyde are engine exhaust, tobacco smoke, natural gas, fossil fuels, waste incineration, and oil refineries (129). It is found as a natural component in fmits, vegetables, meats, and fish and is a normal body metaboHte (130,131). FaciUties that manufacture or consume formaldehyde must control workers exposure in accordance with the following workplace exposure limits in ppm action level, 0.5 TWA, 0.75 STEL, 2 (132). In other environments such as residences, offices, and schools, levels may reach 0.1 ppm HCHO due to use of particle board and urea—formaldehyde foam insulation in constmction. 

Mitex [2385-85-5] is l,2,3,4,5,5,6,7,8,9,10,10-dodecachloro-octahydro-l,3,4-metheno-2JT-cyclobuta-p,<7 -pentalene (37) (mp 485°C). The rat LD s are 306, 600 (oral) and >2000 (dermal) mg/kg. Mirex is extremely resistant to biodegradation and was once considered the perfect stomach poison iasecticide for use ia baits to control imported fire ants. However, even at doses of a few milligrams per 10 m it was found to bioaccumulate ia birds and fish and its registrations were canceled ia the United States ia 1976. 

The methacrylates ate slightly to essentially nontoxic to fish and other aquatic species. Hydrolysis data suggest rapid breakdown at alkaline conditions, and studies show that MMA is ultimately biodegradable ia sewage sludge samples. Based on this information, the methacrylates ate not considered to be a significant environmental hazard. 

R. Eisler, Molybdenum Ha rds to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates M Synoptic Keview, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biology Report No. 85 (1.19), 1989,... 

Phenol fumes are irritating to the eyes, nose, and skin. According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), exposure to phenol should be controUed so that no employees are exposed to phenol concentrations >20 mg/m, which is a time-weighted average concentration for up to a 10-h work day, 40-h work week. Phenol is very toxic to fish and has a nearly unique property of tainting the taste of fish if present in marine... 

Environmentally, these aLkanolamines present little problem. Only AMP has been studied extensively, but it was found to be degradable, to be of low toxicity to fish and microorganisms, and to be nonaccumulative. TRIS AMINO has been added to water used to ship fish in order to improve viabiUty. 

The threat of accidental misuse of quaternary ammonium compounds coupled with potential harmful effects to sensitive species of fish and invertebrates has prompted some concern. Industry has responded with an effort to replace the questionable compounds with those of a more environmentally friendly nature. Newer classes of quaternaries, eg, esters (206) and betaine esters (207), have been developed. These materials are more readily biodegraded. The mechanisms of antimicrobial activity and hydrolysis of these compounds have been studied (207). AppHcations as surface disinfectants, antimicrobials, and in vitro microbiocidals have also been reported. Examples of ester-type quaternaries are shown in Figure 1. 

Interior Department Interior land management, fish and wildlife. Geological Survey, mines, surface mining and reclamation... 

Canada. Sorbic acid and potassium sorbate are cleared in Canada as Class II and Class III preservatives (Table XI, Parts II and III, Food and Dmg Regulations) (162). They are cleared for use in the same food types. As in the United States, their lawful use is predicated upon conformity with pubHshed food standards. Otherwise they may be used in bread and unstandardized foods, except meat (Divisions 14 and 21 of the regulations), fish, and poultry, at levels up to 1000 ppm, in cider and wine at 500 ppm, and in cheeses at 3000 ppm in accordance with the food standards for cheese (Section B of the regulations). 

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