Ammonium acetate, naming

A mixture of sorbitan derivatives named Tween 81 specified as ethoxylated sorbitan esters containing oleic acid, was examined by APCI-FIA-MS and —LC—MS in the positive and negative modes. APCI-MS ionisation was supported by the addition of ammonium acetate resulting in equal spaced (Am/z 44) [M + NH4]+ ions which, in parallel, suppressed [M + Na]+ ions. The FIA—MS(+) spectrum contained ions with m/z between 358 and 974 while negative ionisation led to a series of ions from 399 to 971, Am/z 44 equally spaced, too. 

The use of surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS) as an identification tool in TLC and HPLC has been investigated in detail. The chemical structures and common names of anionic dyes employed as model compounds are depicted in Fig. 3.88. RP-HPLC separations were performed in an ODS column (100 X 3 mm i.d. particla size 5 pm). The flow rate was 0.7 ml/min and dyes were detected at 500 nm. A heated nitrogen flow (200°C, 3 bar) was employed for spraying the effluent and for evaporating the solvent. Silica and alumina TLC plates were applied as deposition substrates they were moved at a speed of 2 mm/min. Solvents A and B were ammonium acetate-acetic acid buffer (pH = 4.7) containing 25 mM tributylammonium nitrate (TBAN03) and methanol, respectively. The baseline separation of anionic dyes is illustrated in Fig. 3.89. It was established that the limits of identification of the deposited dyes were 10 - 20 ng corresponding to the injected concentrations of 5 - 10 /ig/ml. It was further stated that the combined HPLC-(TLC)-SERRS technique makes possible the safe identification of anionic dyes [150],... 

Various liquid chromatographic techniques have been frequently employed for the purification of commercial dyes for theoretical studies or for the exact determination of their toxicity and environmental pollution capacity. Thus, several sulphonated azo dyes were purified by using reversed-phase preparative HPLC. The chemical strctures, colour index names and numbers, and molecular masses of the sulphonated azo dyes included in the experiments are listed in Fig. 3.114. In order to determine the non-sulphonated azo dyes impurities, commercial dye samples were extracted with hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. Colourization of the organic phase indicated impurities. TLC carried out on silica and ODS stationary phases was also applied to control impurities. Mobile phases were composed of methanol, chloroform, acetone, ACN, 2-propanol, water and 0.1 M sodium sulphate depending on the type of stationary phase. Two ODS columns were employed for the analytical separation of dyes. The parameters of the columns were 150 X 3.9 mm i.d. particle size 4 /jm and 250 X 4.6 mm i.d. particle size 5 //m. Mobile phases consisted of methanol and 0.05 M aqueous ammonium acetate in various volume ratios. The flow rate was 0.9 ml/min and dyes were detected at 254 nm. Preparative separations were carried out in an ODS column (250 X 21.2 mm i.d.) using a flow rate of 13.5 ml/min. The composition of the mobile phases employed for the analytical and preparative separation of dyes is compiled in Table 3.33. 

Pyrano-fused heterocycles, namely pyrano[3,2-f]quinoline-2,5(6//)-diones, pyrano[3,2-f]benzopyran-2,5(6//)-dione, and pyrano[3,2-f]pyridine-2,5(67T)-diones, have been efficiently prepared by the condensation of 4-hydroxy-2-(l//)-quinolines, 4-hydroxycoumarin, or 4-hydroxy-(17/)-pyridone with a-acetyl-y-butyrolactone or the sodium salt of a-formyl-y-butyro-lactone in the presence of ammonium acetate <1999JHC467>. 

Compound Name Ammonium Hydroxide Hexamethylenetetramine Ammonium Acetate Ammonium Bifluoride Ammonium Sulfamate Ammonium Sulfamate Ammonium Benzoate Ammonium Bicarbonate Ammonium Dichromate Ammonium Bifluoride Ammonium Carbonate Ammonium Chloride Ammonium Citrate Ammonium Citrate Ammonium Pentaborate Ammonium Dichromate Nickel Ammonium Sulfate Ferric Ammonium Citrate Ferric Ammonium Oxalate Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate Ammonium Fluoride Ammonium Silicofluoride Ammonium Formate Ammonium Gluconate Ammonium Bicarbonate Ammonium Bifluoride Ammonium Sulfide Ammonium Hydroxide Ammonium Thiosulfate Ammonium Thiosulfate Ammonium Iodide Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate Ammonium Lactate Ammonium Lactate Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate Ammonium Molybdate Ammonium Chloride Nickel Ammonium Sulfate Ammonium Nitrate Ammonium Nitrate-Urea Solution Ammonium Oleate... 

There are several salts that behave in this way at atmospheric temperatures, the more important being ammonium acetate potassium bromate, carbonate, cyanide, ferricyanide, ferrocyanide, iodate, and permanganate disodium hydrogen phosphate and sodium borate and carbonate.4 In the case of potassium chlorate the points L and S appear to be practically coincident, whilst for the majority of salts the point S lies somewhere to the left of L, namely at S —that is to say, saturation occurs before the limiting concentration is reached. Generally speaking, at the ordinary temperature, concentrated solutions of salts are less corrosive than distilled water—that is, the point S lies below the level of A, exceptions being 5 ammonium sulphate, aluminium... 

Convert between the names and chemical formulas for common polyatomic ions such as hydroxide, ammonium, acetate, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, and carbonate. Be sure to check with your instructor to determine which polyatomic ions you will be expected to know for your exams. 

Hypoxanthine (see below) is obtained in a similar one-pot reaction, namely by heating the acetamidocyanoacetate 21 with ethanolic NH3, ammonium acetate and orthoformic ester ... 

Three different extractants were discussed for the feasibility study on calcareous soil, namely EDTA, DTPA and mixed acid ammonium acetate/EDTA. 

The (n)-butyl compound, named 2C-T-19, has been taken to the nitrostyrene stage. Reaction between 2,5-dimethoxythiophenol and (n)-butylbromide with KOH gave 2,5-dimethoxyphenyl (n)-butyl sulfide as a colorless oil. This, with phosphorus oxychloride and N-methylformanilide, provided 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n-butylthio)benzaldehyde as pale orange solids from MeOH, with a melting point of 78-79 °C. This, with nitromethane and ammonium acetate, gave 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n-butylthio)-beta-nitrostyrene, with a melting point of 133-134 °C from either IPA or acetonitrile. 

The column effluent from the LC is nebulized into the atmospheric-pressure ion source region. Typical solvents used are mixtures of water and methanol or acetonitrile, containing up to lOmmoll electrolyte, such as formic acid or ammonium acetate. Nebulization can be performed either by means of a strong electrical field, or by a combination of the strong electric field and pneumatic nebulization. The latter is sometimes named pneumatically assisted electrospray or ionspray . The pure electrospray process is limited to flow rates up to 10 pi min Pneumatically assisted electrospray enables the introduction of higher flow rates, up to Imlmin. Since ion production mechanisms between the two modes are identical, the term electrospray is used here throughout. 

This extended series of developments culminated in the thermospray design (Blakley 1983) that was subsequently commercialized as an LC/MS interface. A solution of the analyte (e.g., HPLC eluant) and a volatile buffer (typically O.IM ammonium acetate added post-column) was evaporated from a heated capillary at a flow rate of up to LSml/min into a heated chamber (whence the name thermospray ), forming a mist of droplets containing relatively involatile analytes and solvent vapor as the solvent evaporated the analyte formed adducts with ions from the added salt. It is believed that the formation of free gaseous ions from the microdroplets then proceeds in a manner similar to that discussed for ESI in Section 5.3.6. Most of the neutrals are removed by a vacuum pump and the ions are extracted orthogonally by some electrostatic lenses and a repeUer through a pinhole (restricted to 25 (j,m to protect the vacuum in the mJz analyzer, typically a quadrupole because of its better tolerance to poor vacuum). Such an arrangement is found to be efficient... 

Another commercially derivatized cationic porous glass is produced by Rhone-Poulenc under the trade name SpherosilTM qma. Domard and Rinaudo (56) employed this packing with 0.05 M - 0.2 M ammonium acetate to chromatograph dextran, poly(N-vinylpyrrol idone), PEG, poly(L-lysine), and chitosan. Plate counts were not reported, but typical assay times were apparently 7-9 hrs. While the cationic polymers do not appear to be highly adsorbed, universal calibration plots in 0.2 M ammonium acetate suggest that poly(N-vinylpyrroli-done) is adsorbed. The elution volume of PEG also seems to be sensitive to eluant ionic strength. 

Compound Name Atrazine Acetaldehyde Acetic Acid Ammonium Acetate n-Butyl Acetate Copper Acetate Dimethylacetamide Ethyl Acetate Isobutyl Acetate Isopropyl Acetate Methyl Acetate Nickel Acetate n-Propyl Acetate Sec-Butyl Acetate Zinc Acetate Acetaldehyde Acetic Anhydride Ethyl Acetate Ethyl Acetate Ethyl Acetoacetate Ethyl Acetoacetate Acetone... 

The order and timing of the addition of reagents in the KA-process is varied but in a typical procedure three reagents, namely, acetic anhydride, a solution of ammonium nitrate in nitric acid, and solid hexamine dinitrate, are added slowly, in small portions and in parallel, into the reaction vessel which is preheated to 60-80 °C. On completion the reaction mixture is often cooled to 50-60 °C and the RDX filtered and sometimes washed with acetic acid. This process produces a product which melts over a 2 °C range but the RDX still contains up to 10 % HMX as a by-product. Dilution of the reaction mixture with water before removing the RDX produces a very impure product containing numerous unstable linear nitramine-nitrates. Based on the assumption that one mole of hexamine dinitrate produces two mole of RDX the KA-process commonly yields 75-80 % of RDX. 

Compound Name Ammonium Oxalate Ammonium Oxalate Ammonium Pentaborate Ammonium Pentaborate Zinc Ammonium Chloride Ammonium Perchlorate Ammonium Persulfate Ammonium Persulfate Ammonium Phosphate Ammonium Phosphate Ammonium Thiocyanate Ammonium Thiocyanate Ammonium Silicofluoride Ammonium Stearate Ammonium Sulfamate Ammonium Sulfate Ammonium Sulfide Ammonium Sulfide Ammonium Sulfide Ammonium Sulfite Ammonium Thiocyanate Ammonium Thiocyanate Ammonium Tartrate Ammonium Thiocyanate Ammonium Thiosulfate Zinc Ammonium Chloride Phosphorus, Red Ammonium Sulfamate Amyl Acetate Amyl Acetate N-Amyl Alcohol N-Amyl Alcohol Valeraldehyde Hexanol... 

Synonym Gamma-Chloropropylene Oxide 3-Chloro-1,2-Propylene Oxide Chlorosulfonic Acid Chlorothene Chiorotoluene, Alpha Alpha-Chlorotoluene Omega-Chlorotoluene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Chlorotrimethylsilane Chlorsulfonic Acid Clilorylen Clip Chromic Acid Chromic Anhydride Chromic Oxide Chromium (VI) Dioxychloride Chromium Oxychloride Chromium Trioxide Chromyl Chloride Cianurina Citric Acid Citric Acid, Diammonium Salt Clarified Oil Clorox Cc Ral Coal Tar Oil Cobalt Acetate Cobalt Acetate Tetrahydrate Cobalt (II) Acetate Cobalt Chloride Cobalt (II) Chloride Cobaltous Acetate Cobaltous Chloride Cobaltous Chloride Dihydrate Cobaltous Chloride Hexahydrate Cobaltous Nitrate Cobaltous Nitrate Hexahydrate Cobaltous Sulfate Heptahydrate Cobalt Nitrate Cobalt (II) Nitrate Cobalt Sulfate Compound Name Epichlorohydrin Epichlorohydrin Chlorosulfonic Acid Trichloroethane Benzyl Chloride Benzyl Chloride Benzyl Chloride Trifluorochloroethylene Trimethylchlorosilane Chlorosulfonic Acid Trichloroethylene Cumene Hydroperoxide Chromic Anhydride Chromic Anhydride Chromic Anhydride Chromyl Chloride Chromyl Chloride Chromic Anhydride Chromyl Chloride Mercuric Cyanide Citric Acid Ammonium Citrate Oil Clarified Sodium Hypochlorite Coumaphos Oil Coal Tar Cobalt Acetate Cobalt Acetate Cobalt Acetate Cobalt Chloride Cobalt Chloride Cobalt Acetate Cobalt Chloride Cobalt Chloride Cobalt Chloride Cobalt Nitrate Cobalt Nitrate Cobalt Sulfate Cobalt Nitrate Cobalt Nitrate Cobalt Sulfate... 

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