Temperature atmospheric

This method is reserved for heavy fractions. The distillation takes place at low pressure from 1 to 50 mmHg. The results are most often converted into equivalent atmospheric temperatures by using a standard relation that neglects the chemical nature of the components ... 

The effectiveness of phenoHc inhibitors is dependent on the presence of oxygen and the monomers must be stored under air rather than an inert atmosphere. Temperatures must be kept low to minimise formation of peroxides and other products. Moisture may cause mst-initiated polymerization. 

The modem winch is constmcted of stainless steel and may be built foi atmospheric temperatures or it may be a heavy-walled, sealed unit suitable for high temperature/high pressure work. Sophisticated controls are added to monitor the entire dye cycle and ensure that dyeings are as consistent as possible. 

Container Insulation Tanks containing materials above atmospheric temperature may require insulation to reduce loss of heat. Almost any of the commonly used insulating materials can be employed. Calcium silicate, glass fiber, mineral wool, cellular glass, and plastic foams are among those used. Tanks exposed to weather must have jackets or protective coatings, usually asphalt, to keep water out of the insulation. 

Tanks with contents at lower than atmospheric temperature may require insulation to minimize heat absorption. The insulation must have a vapor barrier at the outside to prevent condensation of atmospheric moisture from reducing its effectiveness. An insulation not damaged by moisture is preferable. The insulation techniques presently used for refrigerated systems can be apphed (see subsection Fow-Temperature and Cryogenic Storage ). 

Refrigeration Loss of containment of a liquefied gas under pressure and at atmospheric temperature causes immediate flashing of a large proportion of the gas. This is followed by slower evaporation of the residue. The hazard from a gas under pressure is normally much less in terms of the amount of material stored, but the physical energy released if a confined explosion occurs at high pressure is large. 

When the temperature or pressure is decreased very rapidly, high temperature or high pressure phases can be "trapped", and are observed at atmospheric temperature and pressure (diamond, for instance, is a high-pressure form of carbon. It is only metastable at atmospheric pressure the stable form is graphite.)... 

The controllable pitch fan provides an infinitely variable air delivery across the K-Fin Sections through automatic changes in the fan blade angle. Temperature can be closely controlled to meet the varying demands of operating conditions and fluctuating atmospheric temperatures with appreciable power savings under low load conditions. For certain control applications, the ability of... 

Oxidation by Chromic Acid. Under mild conditions, e.g., in acetic acid at atmospheric temperature this converts the dihydric alcohol or keto-alcohol bases to diketo-bases, e.g., the lelobanidines, Ci3H2902N, to lelobanines, C13H25O2N. Under more vigorous action the keto-alcohol and the diketo-bases are oxidised to benzoic acid (side-chain, Ph. CO. ), acetic and i iropionic acids (side-chain, C2H5. CO. ) and either scopolinic acid l-methylpiperidine-2 6-dicarboxylic acid (IV)) or methylgranatic acid (l-methylpiperidine-2-carboxylic-6-acetic acid) or both, these being from the methylpiperidine nucleus with residues of the two side-chains. 

Ergometrine crystallises, with solvent, from benzene in needles or from methyl ethyl ketone in prisms both forms have m.p. 162-3° (dec.). From ethyl acetate it crystallises at — 4° in thin, solvent-free plates, m.p. 160-1° (dec.), and at atmospheric temperature on concentration in vacuo in diamond-shaped plates, B.0-5EtAc, m.p. 130-2° (dec.), from which the combined solvent is not removed at 100° in vacuo. By crystallisation from acetone, Grant and Smith obtained a second form in long needles, m.p. 212° (dec.), which appears to be the more stable, since the form, m.p. 162-3°, tends to pass into it on keeping. Ergometrine has [o]d — 44° (CHCI3) - - 42-2° or + 62-6° (c = 1-7, EtOH) or... 

Besides readings of Earth s surface temperatures taken with standard glass thermometers, direct readings of atmospheric temperatures have been taken with satellites and weather balloons. In addition to direct measurements of Earth s recent temperatures, proxy measurements of temperatures from farther in the past can be derived from borehole temperature measurements, from historical and physical evidence regarding the e xtent and mass of land and sea ice, and from the bleaching of coral reefs. 

Safety relief valves are normally tested in the shop, or even on the equipment at atmospheric temperature. The set tolerances on the valves as manufactured are established by die Code as discussed earlier. In order to recognize the difference between the test temperature and the actual operating temperature at actual relief, the corrections shown in Table 7-lA and 7-lB are applied. An increase in temperature above design causes a reduction in valve set pressure due to the effects of temperature on the spring and body. 

Testing of pressure relieving spring loaded valves at atmospheric temperature requires an adjustment in set pressure at ambient conditions to compensate for higher operating temperatures. For process services see Table 7-UV and for saturated steam, use Table 7-1B. 

This tower depends upon natural draft action the same as a chimney to draw cool air in at the bottom and expel it out the top as warm moist air (Figure 9-101). The action of the tower depends upon the atmospheric temperature therefore, on a hot day the action of the tower may be less than on a cool day. These towers are relatively large, and require power for pumping the water to a point in the tower which is usually lower than for an atmospheric tower. There are no fan costs. Units have been built 310 ft high, base diameter 210 ft and a throat of 120 ft, wdening to 134 ft in diameter at the top [30]. 

Adiabatic expansion of the air in the engine causes a maximum temperature drop of the exhaust. Adiabatic compression causes a maximum temperature rise of the compressed air. These effects combine to cause the greatest work loss of any compressed-air system, when pressurized air must be cooled back to atmospheric temperature. The energy analysis parallels the one just made for the polytropic system. This shows that net areas on both PV and TS graphs measure the work lost. 

T = surface atmospheric temperature in °R T = average temperature of flow in annulus in °R = geothermal gradient in °F per ft K = drilling rate in ft/hr... 

As oil is pumped into the accumulator, compressing the nitrogen, the nitrogen temperature increases (Charles law). Therefore, the amount of oil stored will not be quite as much as calculated with Boyle s law unless sufficient time is allowed for the accumulator to cool to atmospheric temperature. Likewise, when oil is discharged, the expanding nitrogen is cooled. So, the discharge volume... 

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