Sulfate compounds

Four minerals are the principal commercial sources of potash (Table 2). In all ores, sodium chloride is the principal soluble contaminant. Extraneous water-iasoluble material, eg, clay and siUca, is a significant contaminant ia some of the evaporates being mined from underground deposits. Some European potassium ores contain relatively large amounts of the mineral kieserite, MgS04-H2 0. It is recovered for captive use to produce potassium sulfate compounds or is marketed ia relatively pure form as a water-soluble magnesium fertilizer. 

The sulfated compounds MM 13902 (3, n = (5) and MM 17880 (4) are also broad-spectmm agents, but not as potent as thienamycia and all lack any significant activity against Pseudomonas (73). Many carbapenems are excellent inhibitors of isolated P-lactamases, particularly the olivanic acid sulfoxide MM 4550 (3, n = 1) (3). The possible mechanism of action of the carbapenems as inhibitors of P-lactamases has been discussed in some detail (74). Other carbapenems such as PS-5 (5) (75), the carpetimycins (76), asparenomycins (77), and pluracidomycins (8) are all highly active as antibiotics or P-lactamase inhibitors. The parent nucleus itself (1, X = CH2) is intrinsically active, but chemically unstable (9). 

Table 16-2 presents what might be termed the minimum set of constituents that must be considered in the case of cloud/rainwater. If we consider the amount of water, L, to be fixed by atmospheric physical processes, the minimum number of input components that can vary are SO2, NH3, CO2, and whatever solute is present from the CCN, often one or another sulfate compound between H2SO4 and (NH4)2S04. Occasionally, salt particles from the ocean surface may be sufficiently abundant to provide enough solute to influence the pH via the inherent alkalinity of seawater, and we will consider that as a second, somewhat more complicated possibility. 

Sulfate compounds (e.g., NH4HSO4) form a major constituent of aerosol particles in remote, unpolluted marine air. 

Hydrogen sulfide in the air is oxidized at a relatively slow rate by molecular oxygen (02) but at a much faster rate by hydroxide (OH) radicals, forming the sulfhydryl radical and ultimately sulfur dioxide or sulfate compounds (Hill 1973 NSF 1976). Sulfur dioxide and sulfates are eventually removed from the atmosphere through absorption by plants and soils or through precipitation (Hill 1973). 

Figure 15. Relative removal of dibenzothiophenes and benzothiophenes from the middle-distillate cut of OB oil in the presence (left frame) and absence (right frame) of sulfate. Compounds are ranked in order of their relative depletion. Bars with solid and hatched lines represent the sum of the results for alkylated compounds with n pendant carbons, with CO indicating the unalkylated parent open bars in the left frame represent individual dibenzothiophenes. In the right frame, the bars represent sum of alkylated analogs for each carbon number. Figure reproduced from Ref. [86],...

Fig. 1. Composition of ferric arsenate-sulfate compounds forming in the autoclaves treating refractory gold ores.

CnH2n+i-0-(CH2-CH2-0)x-S03 now could be observed as [M + NH4]+ ions at a RTof 3.8-5.0 min. Signal intensity was quite low but a wide range of alkyl ethoxylated sulfate compounds, starting at m/z 372 and ending at 680 and AES ammonium adduct ions with 3-10 EO units were recorded. With an elevated intensity as observed under APCI(+) ionisation, the [M + NH4]+ions of the non-ionics AEhomologue mixture were observed in Fig. 2.5.11(b) at a RT of 7-10 min. 

When AESs of an industrial blend were examined by ESI—MS— MS(—), all AES homologues under standard CID conditions (collision energy +20-50 eV collision gasArgon pressure 1.5 mTorr) resulted in a very simple product ion spectrum that contained the parent ion and only one product ion mlz 97 ([HS04]-) (cf. Fig. 2.11.10). Vice versa, the parent ion scan mode applying mlz 97 helped to recognise AES in blends, formulations and environmental samples [49,60] however, interferences with sulfate compounds other than AES cannot be excluded. The same fragmentation behaviour was found if APCI-FIA-MS-MS(-) was applied however, the sensitivity was reduced compared with ESI-FIA-MS-MS(—). 

Write a chemical equation for the reaction between the NaOH and MgS04. Most sulfate compounds exist as ions in aqueous solutions. 

Cyclodextrins are cyclic maltooligosaccharides available by enzymatic syntheses from starch. Due to their easy access, sulfated cyclodextrins had been investigated back in the early 1960s for their plasma clearing activity [53]. More recently, the activities of -cyclodextrin (cycloheptamaltaose,)3-CD) tetradecasulfate (24) were evaluated in more detail. It was prepared by sulfetion of -CD which led to the sulfation of the primary and one of the secondary hydroxyl groups per pyranose ring so that a mixture of differently sulfated compounds resulted (Structures 7). 

Indinavir sulfate (Compound X) as the crystalline ethanolate is then prepared by treatment of the free base monohydrate with sulfuric acid in anhydrous ethanol. 

Synonym Gamma-Chloropropylene Oxide 3-Chloro-1,2-Propylene Oxide Chlorosulfonic Acid Chlorothene Chiorotoluene, Alpha Alpha-Chlorotoluene Omega-Chlorotoluene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Chlorotrimethylsilane Chlorsulfonic Acid Clilorylen Clip Chromic Acid Chromic Anhydride Chromic Oxide Chromium (VI) Dioxychloride Chromium Oxychloride Chromium Trioxide Chromyl Chloride Cianurina Citric Acid Citric Acid, Diammonium Salt Clarified Oil Clorox Cc Ral Coal Tar Oil Cobalt Acetate Cobalt Acetate Tetrahydrate Cobalt (II) Acetate Cobalt Chloride Cobalt (II) Chloride Cobaltous Acetate Cobaltous Chloride Cobaltous Chloride Dihydrate Cobaltous Chloride Hexahydrate Cobaltous Nitrate Cobaltous Nitrate Hexahydrate Cobaltous Sulfate Heptahydrate Cobalt Nitrate Cobalt (II) Nitrate Cobalt Sulfate Compound Name Epichlorohydrin Epichlorohydrin Chlorosulfonic Acid Trichloroethane Benzyl Chloride Benzyl Chloride Benzyl Chloride Trifluorochloroethylene Trimethylchlorosilane Chlorosulfonic Acid Trichloroethylene Cumene Hydroperoxide Chromic Anhydride Chromic Anhydride Chromic Anhydride Chromyl Chloride Chromyl Chloride Chromic Anhydride Chromyl Chloride Mercuric Cyanide Citric Acid Ammonium Citrate Oil Clarified Sodium Hypochlorite Coumaphos Oil Coal Tar Cobalt Acetate Cobalt Acetate Cobalt Acetate Cobalt Chloride Cobalt Chloride Cobalt Acetate Cobalt Chloride Cobalt Chloride Cobalt Chloride Cobalt Nitrate Cobalt Nitrate Cobalt Sulfate Cobalt Nitrate Cobalt Nitrate Cobalt Sulfate... 

Sulfates - compounds of cations (usually Ca or Mg) with S042. ... 

Recently, some examples of holothurins having uncommon non-holostane aglycones have appeared in the literature. These glycosides have been isolated from seven species of sea cucumbers belonging to the order Dendrochirota. All are sulfated compounds, the majority monosulfated at the glucose or xylose units. 

ABSTRACT An overview of sulfur-containing natural products isolated from the marine invertebrate phyla that are commonly studied by natural products chemists, is provided. The material is arranged by phyla and sulfated compounds are included, except for the Echinodermata where sulfated saponins and steroids are specifically excluded. A total of 638 compounds and 530 references are recorded. The review covers the published literature up until the end of 2001. References to reported syntheses and comments on biological activities of metabolites are included. 

Callyspongins A-B (617-618) are sulfated compounds from a Japanese sample of Callyspongia truncata. They inhibit fertilisation of starfish (Asterias amurensis) gametes [493]. 

Thermal Volatilization. Thermal volatilization schemes have been popular for speciation of acidic sulfate compounds in aerosols. Both filter-... 

This situation is quite different for an Anaheim sample whose N(ls) ESCA spectrum is shown in Figure 7. Here in addition to NO3- and NH +, the Nx peak is clearly seen. Volatility in ESCA vacuum indicates that the nitrate in this sample is present as NH4NO3, and therefore a significant portion of the ammonium is associated with the nitrate. The remainder of the ammonium is insufficient to provide counterions for the sulfate. This ESCA result suggests an ammonium-deficient sulfate compound such as ammonium bisulfate. We note that if the entire reduced nitrogen were hydrolyzed, there would be sufficient ammonium to conclude that the sulfate is present as ammonium sulfate. 

Most sulfate compounds are soluble, except lead sulfate (PbS04) and barium sulfate (BaS04), which are insoluble, and silver sulfate (Ag2S04) and calcium sulfate (CaS04), which are slightly soluble. 

A number of reports have suggested that sulfated compounds, such as DS, bind the V3 loop of X4 viruses more readily than they bind the loop of R5 viruses [76]. Consistent with this is the demonstration that DS fails to inhibit R5 strains in vitro [75]. Because the envelope of R5 viruses is less positively charged than that of X4 viruses [77,78], there is controversy over whether sulfated polymers will be effective in blocking R5 viruses. Ability to block R5 viruses is critical for a microbicide, because even if both phenotypes are transmitted together, it is the R5 viruses that are amplified during the initial infection [79,80]. 

Write a balanced chemical equation for each double displacement reaction. Write NR if you predict that no reaction will occur. Note that K+, Na+, and Li+ ions form soluble compounds with all anions. All nitrate compounds are soluble. Sulfate compounds with Ca2+,... 

Sr2+, Ba2+, Ra2+, and Pb2+ are insoluble, but most other sulfate compounds are soluble. Lead(II) iodide is insoluble. 

The hydrogen bis(sulfate) compound exhibits a room-temperature singlecrystal conductivity (four probe) of 2000-2100 ohms-1 cm-1. Thus it can be categorized as a highly conductive species within the tetracyanoplatinate family of compounds. 

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