Sulfuric acid reaction with ammonia

Thermal decomposition produces ammonia and phosphoric acid reaction with sulfuric acid produces ammonium hydrogen sulfate ... 

PROPERTIES. Protoveratridine, C3iH490 N, m.p. 266-267° (dec.) (precipitated from ethanol-acetic acid, 3 1, by ammonia), m.p. 265° (chloroform-ethanol), [ajn — 14° (pyridine, determined by H. L. H. on Poethke s analytical sample) color reactions—with sulfuric acid, violet cherry red concentrated hydrochloric acid, bright red hydrochloride, m.p. 243-245° (dec.) (from ethanol by treatment with hydrochloric acid) chloroplatinate, m.p. 195-200° (dec.) aurichloride, amorphous picrate, m.p. 244-246° (dec.) (ethanol-acetone) (51, 53). 

However, ammonia may also be reclaimed from coal gas as ammonium sulfate by reaction with sulfuric acid to produce ammonium sulfate (Figure 13.14) ... 

Ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2S04) is a common fertilizer that can be produced by the reaction of ammonia (NH3) with sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Each year about 2 X 10 kg of ammonium sulfate are produced worldwide. How many kilograms of ammonia would be needed to generate this quantity of (NH4)2S04 (Assume that the reaction goes to completion and no other products formed.)... 

A typical word statement of a chemical reaction is, Ammonia reacts with sulfuric acid to yield anunonium sulfate. The compounds or the ions involved in them have been given earlier in this book. Using correct chemical formulas, show the unbalanced and balanced chemical equations for this reaction. 

Boron trifluoride catalyst may be recovered by distillation, chemical reactions, or a combination of these methods. Ammonia or amines are frequently added to the spent catalyst to form stable coordination compounds that can be separated from the reaction products. Subsequent treatment with sulfuric acid releases boron trifluoride. An organic compound may be added that forms an adduct more stable than that formed by the desired product and boron trifluoride. In another procedure, a fluoride is added to the reaction products to precipitate the boron trifluoride which is then released by heating. Selective solvents may also be employed in recovery procedures (see Catalysts,regeneration). 

Ammonia is consumed in the manufacture of ammonium phosphates and ammonium sulfate by reaction with phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid, respectively. The phosphates may contain ortho- and polyphosphate values. Ammonium sulfate is also a by-product from other ammonia-using industries such as caprolactam (qv) and hydrogen cyanide (see Cyanides). 

Ammonium sulfate is produced as a caprolactam by-product from the petrochemical industry, as a coke by-product, and synthetically through reaction of ammonia with sulfuric acid. Only the third process is covered in our discussion. The reaction between anunonia and sulfuric acid produces an ammonium sulfate solution that is continuously circulated through an evaporator to thicken the solution and to produce ammonium sulfate crystals. The crystals are separated from the liquor in a centrifuge, and the liquor is returned to the evaporator. The crystals are fed either to a fluidized bed or to a rotary drum dryer and are screened before bagging or bulk loading. 

In about 250 cc of liquid ammonia (cooled with dry ice and acetone) are dissolved about 7.5 g of potassium and into the solution acetylene is passed until the blue color has disappeared (about 3 hours). Then slowly a solution or suspension of 3 g of estrone in 150 cc of benzene and 50 cc of ether is added. The freezing mixture is removed, the whole allowed to stand for about 2 hours and the solution further stirred overnight. Thereupon the reaction solution is treated with ice and water, acidified with sulfuric acid to an acid reaction to Congo red and the solution extracted five times with ether. The combined ether extracts are washed twice with water, once with 5% sodium carbonate solution and again with water until the washing water is neutral. Then the ether is evaporated, the residue dissolved in a little methanol and diluted with water. The separated product is recrystallized from aqueous methanol. The yield amounts to 2.77 g. The 17-ethiny I-estradiol-3,17 thus obtained melts at 142°C to 144°C . 

The ammoxidacion reaction is carried out at about 800°F and 30 psi. Because it is highly exothermic, heat is removed continuously from the reactor by hear exchangers. The residence time of the reactants is about three seconds. The reaction gases are cooled as they pass by the water-to-steam heat exchanger in the reactor. The effluent is treated for removal of ammonia by scrubbing it with water acidified with sulfuric acid, forming ammonium sulfate, a marketable commodity that can be recovered by crystallization. But that s another story. 

Reaction (13.2) is highly undesired because SO, reacts with water present in the flue gas in large excess and with ammonia to form sulfuric acid and ammonium sulfate salts. The ammonium sulfate salts deposit and accumulate on the catalyst if the temperature is not high enough, leading to catalyst deactivation, and on the cold equipment downstream of the catalytic reactor, causing corrosion and pressure drop problems. The catalyst deactivation by deposition of ammonium sulfate salts can be reversed upon heating. 

Phenylacetamide has been obtained by a wide variety of reactions from benzyl cyanide with water at 250-260° 6 from benzyl cyanide with water and cadmium oxide at 240° 6 from benzyl cyanide with sulfuric acid 7 8 by saturation of an acetone solution of benzyl cyanide with potassium hydrosulfide 9 from benzyl cyanide with sodium peroxide 10 by electrolytic reduction of benzyl cyanide in sodium hydroxide 11 from ethyl phenyl-acetate with alcoholic 12 or aqueous 13 ammonia from phenyl-acetic acid with ammonium acetate 14 or urea 15 from diazoacetophenone with ammoniacal silver solution 16 from phenyl-acetic acid imino ether hydrochloride and water 17 from acetophenone with ammonium poly sulfide at 215° 18 from benzoic acid 19 and by heating the ammonium salt of phenyl-acetic acid.20... 

Exercise 2-6 Write balanced equations for the reactions of (a) ammonia with sulfuric acid, (b) CH3CH2NH2 with sulfuric acid, (c) sodium hydroxide with ammonium... 

Acids. Vigorous reaction with sulfuric or nitric acids. Small quantities of acid may neutralize the inhibitor (aqueous ammonia).4,5... 

The process flowsheet inside the battery limits (IBL) is at this stage unknown. However, the recycle of reactant may be examined. The patent reveals that the catalyst ensures very fast reaction rate. Conversion above 98% may be achieved in a fluid-bed reactor for residence time of seconds. Thus, recycling propylene is not economical. The same conclusion results for ammonia. The small ammonia excess used is to be neutralized with sulfuric acid (30% solution) giving ammonium sulfate. Oxygen supplied as air is consumed in the main reaction, as well as in the other undesired combustion reactions. 

The reaction is highly exothermic and the heat of reaction is generally used to make high-pressure steam, utilized downstream in separation and purificahon operations. The main useful by-products from the process are HCN (about 0.1kg per kg of acrylonitrile), which is used primarily in the manufacture of methyl methacrylate, and acetonitrile (about 0.03 kg per kg of acrylonitrile), a common industrial solvent. Smaller quantities of carbon oxides and nitrogen (from ammonia combushon) are also obtained. Unreacted ammonia in the reactor effluent is neutralized with sulfuric acid. The resulting ammonium sulfate can be recovered for use as a fertilizer. 

Ammonia solution reacts vigorously with sulfuric acid or other strong mineral acids and the reaction generates considerable heat the mixture boils. 

Nitric acid is currently almost exclusively produced by the catalytic oxidation of ammonia using the Ostwald process (1902). The reaction of sodium nitrate (Chile niter, the only nitrate occurring naturally in large quantities) with sulfuric acid, operated at the turn of the century, has not been economic since the emergence of the Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis process shortly before World War 1. The... 

Bucherer reaction. A procedure for preparation of (i-naphthylamineby heating (i-naphthol with a water solution of ammonium sulfite. A sulfite solution is prepared by saturating concentrated ammonia solution with sulfur dioxide and adding an equal volume of concentrated ammonia solution, (i-naphthol is added and the charge is heated in an autoclave provided with a stirrer or a shaking mechanism. (L. F. Fieser). This reaction is also involved in the preparation of several azo dye intermediates, e.g., Tobias acid. 

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