Alternative raw material

Commercial production of acetic acid has been revolutionized in the decade 1978—1988. Butane—naphtha Hquid-phase catalytic oxidation has declined precipitously as methanol [67-56-1] or methyl acetate [79-20-9] carbonylation has become the technology of choice in the world market. By-product acetic acid recovery in other hydrocarbon oxidations, eg, in xylene oxidation to terephthaUc acid and propylene conversion to acryflc acid, has also grown. Production from synthesis gas is increasing and the development of alternative raw materials is under serious consideration following widespread dislocations in the cost of raw material (see Chemurgy). 

Historically, the use of acetylene as raw material for chemical synthesis has depended strongly upon the avadabihty of alternative raw materials. The United States, which until recendy appeared to have limitless stocks of hydrocarbon feeds, has never depended upon acetylene to the same extent as Germany, which had more limited access to hydrocarbons (1). During Wodd War 1 the first manufacture of a synthetic mbber was undertaken ia Germany to replace imported natural mbber, which was no longer accessible. Acetylene derived from calcium carbide was used for preparation of... 

Acetone and acetic anhydride can be used as alternative raw materials to acetic acid in the industrial production of ketene. However, the use of... 

Minimills and other EAF plants ate expanding iato flat-roUed steel products which, by some estimates, requite 50—75% low residual scrap or alternative raw material. Up to 16 million t of new capacity are expected to be added ia the United States between 1994 and 2000 (18). Developments ia other parts of the world also impact scrap use and supply. Possible scrap deficiencies of several million tons have been projected for EAFs ia East Asia and ia parts of Europe. This puts additional strains on the total scrap supply, particularly low residual scrap (19,20). The question of adequate supply of low residual scrap is always a controversial one. Some analysts see serious global shortages ia the first decade of the twenty-first century others are convinced that the scrap iadustry has the capabiUty to produce scrap ia the quantities and quaUty to meet foreseeable demand. This uncertainty ia combination with high scrap prices has led to iacreased use of scrap alternatives where the latter is price competitive with premium scrap. Use of pig iroa has iacreased ia EAF plants and mote capacity is being iastaHed for DRI and HBI outside the United States. 

Competition, at each stage in the plastics industry, is in their raw materials. Many monomers can be made from alternate raw materials such as polyvinyl chloride that may begin with either ethylene or acetylene. Most plastic products may be made from a variety of plastics such as pipe that may be extruded from PVC, polyethylene, ABS, and so on. 

About 90% of all organic chemicals produced are obtained from petroleum and natural gas. These are nonrenewahle sources, so eventually alternate raw materials will have to he utilized. 

The increase in the price of oil and natural gas motivates the chemical industry to develop processes that use alternative raw materials and to develop efficient and economical processes for liquid fuels synthesis from coal and natural gas. An innovative promising approach for producing gasoline from methane is presented in [5]. Other important tasks are development of efficient methods for producing liquid fuels from unconventional sources such as oil shale, tar sands, and deep-sea methane hydrates. 

One of the most important challenges in the modern chemical industry is represented by the development of new processes aimed at the exploitation of alternative raw materials, in replacement of technologies that make use of building blocks derived from oil (olefins and aromatics). This has led to a scientific activity devoted to the valorization of natural gas components, through catalytic, environmentally benign processes of transformation (1). Examples include the direct exoenthalpic transformation of methane to methanol, DME or formaldehyde, the oxidation of ethane to acetic acid or its oxychlorination to vinyl chloride, the oxidation of propane to acrylic acid or its ammoxidation to acrylonitrile, the oxidation of isobutane to... 

It further addresses the importance of using some types of energy-derived waste as alternative raw materials for certain valuable components. Moreover, the book showcases research on how certain waste materials can be utilized for energy production, an increasingly important aspect of modem integrated waste management strategies. The main objectives are to ... 

The worldwide increase in the price of petroleum and coal has created an interest in alternative sources of raw materials. Biomass is an attractive renewable raw material comprising all types of agricultural and silvicultural vegetation. These renewable resources have recently been considered major alternative raw materials for the chemical industry. 

In principle, monosaccharides and their conversion products including furfural can be isolated from sulfite spent liquors. Because of the complicated separation technique needed and since alternative raw material sources, such as wood and agricultural wastes are available, these processes have so far been of very limited practical interest. Because of their carbohydrate content, sulfite spent liquors find use either directly or after some fractionation as a feed component for cattle. 

Today, the choice of feedstock for chemicals production depends on complex technical, economic, environmental, and political factors. Clearly, not all chemicals are suitable for production from coal with current technology. Some factors to be considered in the evaluation of the appropriate feedstock for a particular chemical product are (1) the relationship between the carbon/hydrogen ratio in the chemical product and the feedstock, (2) the delivered cost of alternative raw materials, (3) capital costs, (4) environmental protection, and (5) the reliability of supply. Recently, except for special situations, such as that for Sasol in South Africa, the manufacture of chemicals from coal at coal prices relative to the prices of petroleum and natural gas has not been attractive economically. 

Subsequent phases could be used to eventually reach optimum conditions. Even then, it would be advantageous to continue EVOP, so that process variables could be adjusted to remedy the effects of such changes as deteriorating equipment and use of alternative raw materials. 

Current chemical and physical processing techniques provide the processor with the capability of modifying one or more of an oil s properties. It is possible to change the functionahty of an oil product to provide the ability to formulate tailor-made products to suit a particular product or process. Further, the processing techniques provide the processor with a wider range of alternative raw material sources to improve commercial viability. The main objectives for applying the available modification or processing techniques are as follows ... 

Hinr. You could use Equation (P4,23-i), which would include dp and an unknown proportionality constant which you could evaluate from the data. For very small values of the Thiele modulus we know t = 1 and for very large values of the Thiele modulus we know that -n = 3/ = VCd. ] P4-24c Spherical reactor) Because it is readily available from coal, methanol has been investigated as an alternative raw material for producing valuable olefins... 

P4-24c (Spherical reactor) Because it is readily available from coal, methanol has bem investi ted as an alternative raw material for producing valuable olefins... 

The bio-oil used for the test programme was produced by BTG in Enschede (NL) with the Rotating Cone Technology from poplar as the bio-mass material. As alternative raw materials for pyrolysis wheat straw, Spanish thistle and other wood wastes have been investigated. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate the power generation from bio-oil in a gas turbine, the optimisation of the combustion behaviour with respect to emissions and operation characteristics and the comparison of emission and operation data from bio-oil and conventional diesel fuel. For technical reasons the gas turbine had to be adapted to the operation in dual fuel mode with the possibility to switch between diesel and bio-oil. 

The long-range periodic heterogeneity fluctuation error is the result of nonrandom periodic changes in the critical component as we track it over lime or over the entirety of the lot in space. For instance certain measurements may show periodic fluctuations due to different control of the manufacturing process by various shifts of operators. Batch processes that alternate raw materials from two different suppliers may show periodicity in measurements. 

The low-pressure acetic acid process was developed by Monsanto in the late 1960s and proved successful with commercialization of a plant producing 140 X 10 metric tons per year in 1970 at the Texas City (TX, USA) site [21]. The development of this technology occurred after the commercial implementation by BASF of the cobalt-catalyzed high-pressure methanol carbonylation process [22]. Both carbonylation processes were developed to utilize carbon monoxide and methanol as alternative raw materials, derived from synthesis gas, to compete with the ethylene-based acetaldehyde oxidation and saturated hydrocarbon oxidation processes (cf. Sections 2.4.1 and 2.8.1.1). Once the Monsanto process was commercialized, the cobalt-catalyzed process became noncom-... 

The second step is to increase the use of renewable raw materials throughout the product lifecycle. This represents a shift in historic approach and will require partnerships with suppliers to find alternative raw materials for our processes that can be sustainably produced from renewable resources. 

For the solar industry, impurity control and alternative raw materials are of great interest. In the normal metallurgical silicon production furnace, silica is charged into the form of quartz lumps. The carbonaceous materials have many forms like charcoal coke, coal, and wood chips. The charge is carefully composed and the raw materials are selected to give best possible yield with respect to Si and to avoid unwanted impurities. Also, the refractory materials and the consumable electrodes are source of impurities. The Si from the arc... 

LCA has been most widely applied to products. One objective has been to establish which product is the most environmentally friendly for a particular function. Another objective has been to determine which part of a product s life cycle incurs the greatest environmental burden as a precursor to sourcing alternative raw materials, developing improved processing technology, or improving product design. Product functions can be compared related to those objectives ... 

The present chapter and Chapter 3 will instead focus on the discussion of general aspects of the other relevant components to achieving sustainability the availability of new technologies and processes that allow us to reduce the process and product impact on the eco-system (including also products that could be easily recycled or be biodegradable and, therefore, less toxic), minimize the use of resources (which includes also their more rational use, e.g., introducing alternative raw materials), and improve process and product safety. 

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