Historical approach

Heyman, J. (1998) Structural Analysis A Historical Approach (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge). 

In this chapter, I propose to take a strongly historical approach to the field, and focus on just a few of the numerous techniques of investigation and characterisation . What is not in doubt is that these techniques, and the specialised research devoted to improving them in detail, are at the heart of modern materials science. 

There is unusually strong justification for the historical approach in presenting the important facts about x-rays to analytical chemists the information these chemists need in their work is largely that discovered in the early researches. This is particularly clear in connection with absorption and emission spectra, in which more refined investigations with more powerful equipment later revealed important complexities that the analytical chemist may ignore. Several of these complexities will be recorded below. 

In general, this explorative study cortfirmed the ttsefulness of historical approaches to enhance students discussiorts and reflectiorts about their own ideas. The pairs often came into a dialogue about srritable and rmsrritable theories and tried to find arguments pro or agairrst the one or the other. Typical preconceptions like the brick-like arrangement of atoms were not fotmd. 

The three historical approaches to certification mentioned above were recently expanded to identily seven modes that are used at NIST for value assignment for chemical composition (May et al. 2000). These seven modes and the resulting values are summarized in Table 3.13. The basic principles of value assignment remain unchanged however, these modes now provide a well-defined link between the process used for value assignment and the definition of the assigned value (i.e. certified, reference, or information value). The terms described above provide a clear indication of the level of confidence that NIST has in the accuracy of the assigned value. The definition of a certified value implies that NIST must be involved in the measurement process for the value to be classified as a NIST certified value (see modes 1-3 in Table 3.13). Thus, modes 4 and 7, which do not involve NIST measure-... 

Fowden, Garth. The Egyptian Hermes a historical approach to the late pagan mind. Cambridge Cambridge Univ P, 1986. xvii, 244 p ISBN 0-521-32583-8... 

The polymerisations of olefinic and cyclic compounds catalysed by conventional acids and by syncatalytic systems comprising a metal halide and a co-catalyst have been reviewed from several points of view [1-6]. These reactions are unusual in that the ideas used in their interpretation have changed frequently and the theoretical position is still somewhat confused. I shall examine here some of the reasons for this situation and attempt to clarify the picture by an historical approach. I will also give an account of some recent work leading to a revival of the old ester theory and indicate some of its implications and connections. 

Learning the Scientific Method Through the Historical Approach. School Science and Math, 53, 637-43 (1953). 

Following the historical approach from Tadmor and Klein [1] using screw rotation mechanics, the boundary condition at the top of the solid bed (y = 0) and at the barrel wall (y = 6c) are as follows ... 

Abstract The discovery that mammalian brain expresses the mRNAs for nine different nicotinic cholinergic receptor subunits (a2-a7, p2-p4) that form functional receptors when expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes suggests that many different types of nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChRs) might be expressed in the mammalian brain,. Using an historical approach, this chapter reviews some of the... 

Fig. 14.2 Different drug discovery strategies (A) Sequential optimization (historic approach) - first optimization of affinity, while ADME properties are treated at a later stage. (B) Multidimensional scenario - combined optimization of affinity and ADME properties, simultaneous monitor changes in relevant properties [20],...

Class 1 Content (Liquid, Gas or Vapor) Atmospheres containing acetylene. Historical Approach Group A Alternate Approach Group lie... 

The historical approach to investigating incidents has been an informal, one-on-one interview typically comprising the person involved in the incident with his or her immediate supervisor. This tool when used alone has... 

To provide a text that students can use to gain introductory level knowledge of quantum mechanics as applied to chemistry problems, such a non-historical approach had to be followed. This text immediately exposes the reader to the machinery of quantum mechanics. 

Some new work has been done here which shows the effects of solvents exposure. A new study illustrates a simple method of detoxification using heat chamber depuration (sauna), and raises awareness in the practice of medicine of the importance of taking an environmentally oriented historical approach. The connection between symptoms of chronic degenerative diseases and environmental and/or nutritional factors is missed in many cases due to lack of obtaining an environmentally oriented medical history. Taking such a history and dealing with the cause of illness using avoidance and/or appropriate therapy is preventive and cost-effective for both the patient and society (Krop, 1998). 

In the following pages an attempt is made to depict the present state of our knowledge. In so doing, a systematic rather than a historical approach has been adopted. A recent comprehensive treatment of the whole field is also given in J. R. van Wazer s monograph Phosphorus and its Compounds 340). Older reviews are those of Topley 326) and Quimby 232). 

The historical approach of the industry to a-chleve better selectivity in separation processes... 

A ritual approach is a historical approach. Ritual is, simply, a re-enactment of the past. The great revolutions in human society are changes in the form of symbolic representation reorganizations of the theatre, of the stage for human action."... 

For chemists, the second important application of electrochemistry (beyond potentiometry) is the measurement of species-specific [e.g., iron(III) and iron(II)] concentrations. This is accomplished by an experiment in which the electrolysis current for a specific species is independent of applied potential (within narrow limits) and controlled by mass transfer across a concentration gradient, such that it is directly proportional to concentration (/ = kC). Although the contemporary methodology of choice is cyclic voltammetry, the foundation for all voltammetric techniques is polarography (discovered in 1922 by Professor Jaroslov Heyrovsky awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1959). Hence, we have adopted a historical approach with a recognition that cyclic voltammetry will be the primary methodology for most chemists. 

For this reason it seemed mandatory to choose an essentially historic approach and to start our discussion with the older formulation of the foundations of the theory.14... 

To conclude, using a historical approach, one could state that beauty is an intrinsic and immutable property of molecules and molecular assemblies, whose... 

The historical approaches discussed above are not without further significance. For example, the decomposition of the aryliminosemicarbazones 12 was thought to proceed by way of an unstable 3i/-indazole and it was by the specific use of such a compound that the first authenticated entry to the cycloproparene arena was attained. In 1964 Anet and Anet found that irradiation of indazole 20 resulted in the loss of nitrogen and formation of the cyclopropabenzene ester 22 as the minor product of reaction (Scheme 1). Subsequent studies with a range of 3i/-indazoles have shown that either singled or triplet diradicals 21 may be involved in the photochemical deazetation, and that thermal decomposition " can also lead to cycloproparenes. 

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