Allium

Allyl IS derived from the botanical name for garlic Allium sativum) It was found in 1892 that the major component obtained by distilling garlic oil is H2C=CHCH2SSCH2CH=CH2 and the word a//y/was coined for the H2C=CHCH2— group on the basis of this origin... 

Uses. Tballium compounds have limited use in industrial appHcations. The use of thaHous sulfate in rodenticides and insecticides has been replaced by other compounds less harmful to animals (see Insect control technology Pesticides). Tb allium sulfide has been used in photoelectric cells (see Photovoltaic cells). A thallium bromide—thallium iodide mixture is used to transmit infrared radiation for signal systems. ThaHous oxide is used in the manufacture of glass (qv) that has a high coefficient of refraction. Tb allium formate—malonate aqueous solutions (Cletici s solution) have been used in mineral separations. Many thallium compounds have been used as reagents in organic synthesis in researchlaboratoti.es. 

Tb allium (1) carboxylates also react with alkyl iodides to form the esters (27) ... 

Tb allium acetate reacts with iodine and an alkene to give the /ra/ j -io do acetate derivatives in 90% yield (28) ... 

Thalllum(III) Compounds. Tb allium (ITT) derivatives have been used extensively as oxidants in organic synthesis. In particular, thaUic acetate and ttifluoroacetate are extremely effective as electrophiles in oxythaHation and thaHation reactions. For example, ketones can be prepared from terminal acetylenes by means of (OOCCH ) in acetic acid (oxythaHation) (30) ... 

Tb allium (ITT) nitrate in nitric acid and thaHium(III) sulfate in sulfuric acid are also effective. 

Tb allium (ITT) ttifluoroacetate promotes olefin cyclization reactions and intramolecular coupling reactions (32,33). 

The relative toxicities of thallium compounds depend on their solubHities and valence states. Soluble univalent thallium compounds, eg, thaHous sulfate, acetate, and carbonate, are especiaHy toxic. They are rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, skin peritoneal cavity, and sites of subcutaneous and intramuscular injection. Tb allium is also rapidly absorbed from the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, mouth, and lungs foHowing inhalation of soluble thallium salts. Insoluble compounds, eg, thaHous sulfide and iodide, are poorly absorbed by any route and are less toxic. 

Tb allium, which does not occur naturaHy in normal tissue, is not essential to mammals but does accumulate in the human body. Levels as low as 0.5 mg/100 g of tissue suggest thallium intoxication. Based on industrial experience, 0.10 mg /m of thallium in air is considered safe for a 40-h work week (37). The lethal dose for humans is not definitely known, but 1 g of absorbed thallium is considered sufficient to kHl an adult and 10 mg/kg body weight has been fatal to children. In severe cases of poisoning, death does not occur earlier than 8—10 d but most frequently in 10—12 d. Tb allium excretion is slow and prolonged. For example, tb allium is present in the feces 35 d after exposure and persists in the urine for up to three months. 

Tb allium intoxication during the first trimester of pregnancy can cause skeletal deformities, alopecia, rash, low birth weight, and premature birth (38). 

Mixed sulfides are prepared in the flavor industry by the reaction of thiols, 2inc oxide, and a bromoalkane (39). Some of these mixed sulfides are constituents of allium, asafetida, coffee, and meat flavors. A representative reaction is represented in equation 24. 

Vinyl sulphide, CH = CH S, has been identified in the oil of Allium ursinum. It is an evil-smelling liquid of specific gravity 0 912. It boils at 101°. 

Asch-lauch, m. shallot, eschalot (Allium ascal nicum). raum, m. ash box, ash pit. Ascorbinsaure, /. ascorbic acid. 

Blirlaach, m. ramson (Allium ursinum). nirmei /. yeast, barm, bcfinlierzig, a. merciful, laroatein, m. brick. 

Methyl-27/-thiopyran was identified among 20 other components in the oil from Allium sativum (88MI3). The supplementation of boiler chick feeds with various selenium compounds including 4//-selenopyran 13b has been investigated (90MI1). 

Researchers have identified several antifungal herbs that are effective against tinea pedis (athlete s foot), such as tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) and garlic (Allium sativum). 

Garlic Allium sativum Lowers blood sugar, cholesterol, and lipids May cause abnormal blood glucose levels Increased risk of bleeding in patients taking the coumarins, salicylates, or antiplatelet drugs. 

In 1933, Schlubach and Knoop32 isolated a di-D-fructose dianhydride from Jerusalem artichoke and tentatively identified it as difructose anhydride I [a-D-Fru/-1,2 2,1 - 3-D-Fn / (5)]. Alliuminoside ( -D-fructofuranose- -D-fructofura-nose 2,6 6,2 -dianhydride) was isolated from tubers of Allium sewertzowi by Strepkov33 in 1958. Uchiyama34 has demonstrated the enzymic formation of a-D-Fru/-1,2 2,3 -(3-D-Fru/ [di-D-fructose anhydride III (6)] from inulin by a homogenate of the roots of Lycoris radiata Herbert. 

Macklon, A.E.S. (1975). Cortical cell fluxes and transport to the stele in excised root segments of Allium cepa L. I. Potassium, sodium and chloride. Planta, 122, 109-30. 

Leek (Allium ampeloprasum porrum L.) Basil (Ocimum basilicum)... 

Andersen, 0.M. and Fossen, T., Anthocyanin with an unsual acylation pattern from stem of Allium victorialis. Phytochemistry, 40, 1809, 1995. 

Fossen, T. et al.. Characteristic anthocyanin pattern from onions and other Allium spp, J. Food ScL, 61, 703, 1996. 

Fossen, T. and Andersen, 0.M., Malonated anthocyanins of garlic Allium sativum L., Food Chem., 58, 215, 1997. 

Terahara, N., Yamagnchi, M.-A., and Honda, T., Malonylated anthocyanins from bulbs of red onion. Allium cepa L., Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 58, 1324, 1994. 

Allium cepa) [5], kiwi frait Actinidia deliciosa) [6], Bupleurum falcatum roots [7] and Arabidopsis thaliana [8]. 

S. E. Smith, B. L. St John, F. A. Smith, and D. j. D. Nicholas, Activity of glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase in Trifolium subterraneum and Allium cepa L., effects of mycorrhizal infection and phosphorus nutrition. New Phytologist 99 211 (1985). 

P. Bonfante, B. Vian, S. Perotto, A. Faccio, and J. P. Knox, Cellulose and pectin localization in roots of mycorrhizal Allium porrum labelling continuity between host cell wall and interfacial material. Planta 180 557 (1990). 

The total monetary loss resulting from weed competition in the cereal crops was 1.3 billion annually. The most frequently reported weeds were mustards (Brassica spp.) followed by wild oats (Avena fatua L.), bromes (Bromus spp.), and wild garlic (Allium vineale L.) (11). Losses in vegetables was 5% of the total while in fruit and nuts the loss was 7% of the total. Crabgrass, bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L. )... 

---