Ethoxy lation

Dichloroquinoline with ethanolic potassium hydroxide (80°, 2 hr) gave equal amounts (31 and 32% yields) of 4- and 2-ethoxy-lation. In an earlier paper, only the 2-ethoxy product, in unspecifled yield,was reported. The reaction of the dichloro compound with... 

Alkyl ether sulfates (AES) are anionic surfactants obtained by ethoxy-lation and subsequent salfation of alcohols derived from feedstock or synthetic alcohol. AES, also known as alcohol ether sulfates, have low sensitivity to water hardness (Fig. 5.3), high solubility, and good storage stability at low temperature [4, 11]. 

The ethoxylation of primary alcohols is straightforward, but requires care because of the hazardous nature of EO. Conventional catalysts (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, etc.) are readily available, and ethoxylation products do not require purification or clean-up. Ethoxy-lations are typically run in high-pressure autoclaves with overhead stirring, although recirculation-type reactors have been introduced which provide enhanced mixing and process control. 

These can undergo further reaction through ethoxy-lation or alkylation. The polyamines and their derivatives are employed as flotation agents in mining, as emulsifiers, as adhesive agents for asphalt, and as water-repellant agents. 

Mixtures of an alkanolamide ethoxylate with any other ethoxylate or with unethoxylated alkanolamide can be analysed provided the degree of ethoxy lation of the alkanolamide ethoxylate is known. 

In addition to using membrane reactors to remove a reaction product in order to shift the equilibrium toward completion, we can use membrane reaettn-s to increase. selectivity in multiple reactions. This increa.se can be achieved by injecting one of the reactants along the length of the reactor. It is particularly effective in partial oxidation of hydrocarbons, as well as chlorination, ethoxy-lation, hydrogenation, nitration, and sulfunation reactions, to name a few. ... 

Szymanowski, J., H. Szewczyk, J. Helper, Products obtained in the first stages of the ethoxy-lation of alkylphenols, Tenside, Surfactants, Deterg., 1981, 18, 333-338. 

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