Penetration, of lubricating

Method IP50. Determination of Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease. IP Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products and British Standard 2000 Parts. Energy Institute. 

B. W. Hotten and D. H. Birdsall, Ind. Eng. Chem., 47 (1955) 447-451. ASTM Method D 217-67, Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease, ASTM Standards Book, Part 17—Petroleum Products, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. 

ASTM D217 Cone penetration of lubricating greases (15)... 

ASTM International, Standard test methods for cone penetration of lubricating grease, ASTM Standard ASTM D0217-10, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010. 

D 86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products D 217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating... 

Optimum surface roughness usually is 0.05—0.5 pm a very smooth surface contains very Htde lubricant within its depressions, whereas rough peaks penetrate the lubricant to promote wear. Improved corrosion resistance may be obtained with a suitable subcoating surface conversion treatment or by inclusion of inhibitors in the coating. 

Wire-ropes are well lubricated when, manufactured however, this lubrication will hot last throughout the entire service, life of the rope. Periodically, therefore, the rope will - need to be field lubricated. When necessary, lubricate the tope with a good grade Of lubricant that will penetrate and adhere tO the rope, and that,is free from acid or.alkali,, ... 

Wetting is an absolute condition for detergency. However, wetting plays an important role in other applications as well. A special case is the penetration of fluids in porous material. That may be a bundle of fibers in the dying process or the stone matrix in enhanced oil recovery. One of the steps of lubrication is wetting of surfaces by lubricant liquids. Because other conditions must also be considered, the use of phosphorus-containing surfactants is beneficial. 

Biodiesel is a fuel derived from renewable natural resources such as soybean and rapeseed and consists of alkyl esters derived from transesterification of triglycerides with methanol. In spite of all the advantages of biodiesel, such as low emissiotts, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and lubricity, the major hurdle in penetration of biodiesel is its high cost because of the expensive food grade refined vegetable oil feedstock. 

Example 11.4. McGuiggan et al. [492] measured the friction on mica surfaces coated with thin films of either perfluoropolyether (PFPE) or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) using three different methods The surface forces apparatus (radius of curvature of the contacting bodies R 1 cm) friction force microscopy with a sharp AFM tip (R 20 nm) and friction force microscopy with a colloidal probe (R 15 nm). In the surface force apparatus, friction coefficients of the two materials differed by a factor of 100 whereas for the AFM silicon nitride tip, the friction coefficient for both materials was the same. When the colloidal probe technique was used, the friction coefficients differed by a factor of 4. This can be explained by the fact that, in friction force experiments, the contact pressures are much higher. This leads to a complete penetration of the AFM tip through the lubrication layer, rendering the lubricants ineffective. In the case of the colloidal probe the contact pressure is reduced and the lubrication layer cannot be displaced completely. 

A search is now in progress for less expensive organolead additives that would allow penetration of the several-billion-gallon-per-year market for automotive engine lubricants. New areas of application are also being investigated, such as in outboard engines for boats, where... 

Synthetic sulfate base. Unsurpassed penetration and lubricant properties for a wide variety of substrates. Imparts soft, full hand. Excellent for pad bath application and for softening extremely firm fabrics. 

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