Nicotine alcohol effects

Most of the research and results have been focused on the effects of drug therapy on the disorders induced by alcohol, and by opiates abuse. For all drugs, the first objective is to wean the patients from the drug, treating or preventing the effects of withdrawal for those drugs which cause physical dependence (alcohol, nicotine, opiates, caffeine, certain psychotropic agents such as benzodiazepines, possibly antidepressants). The second phase is the prevention of recurrence or relapse, which relies on a com-... 

Tumor-promoting effect. A 28-year-old man who abused alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis for several years was investigated. He suffered simultaneously from a squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx with bilateral cervical metastases, an adenocarcinoma of the transverse colon and a primary hepatocellular carcinoma. There were occurrences of three separate malignant tumors with different histologies in the aerodigestive tract, which could be related to a chronic abuse of cannabis . 

Psvchopharmaceutieals are medications that can affect the behavior and subjective state of man and are used therapeutically on account of these psychotropic effects. Apart from psychopharmaceuticals, there are man) other substances with psychotropic action, such as alcohol, nicotine, cocaine and heroin, which are characterized as social or addictive products and have no generally recognized therapeutic applications in Western medicine. Analgesics and members of other drug classes also have direct or indirect actions on subjective state and behavior but are not considered to be psychopharmaceuticals because they are not used primarily for their psychotropic effects. 

Psychotropic effect is the main effect, with the desired action Psvchopharmaceuticals Antipsychotics Antidepressants Mood stabilizers Anxiolytics, hypnotics Psychostimulants Nootropics, antidementia drugs Social drugs , drugs Alcohol Nicotine Cocaine, heroin, etc. 

In previous chapters, we examined drugs specifically intended to keep you awake (such as caffeine) and drugs that are specifically intended to help you sleep (such as benzodiazepines). There are, however, many medications that are taken for the purpose of treating other medical conditions—allergies, high blood pressure, epilepsy, obesity, chronic pain, and psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and depression—that also can affect your sleep. In addition, addictive drugs such as alcohol, nicotine, and cocaine have strong effects on sleep. 

The cardiovascular effects, subjective effects, and abuse potential of single intranasal doses of ephedrine 5 and 10 mg have been compared with oral doses of (—)ephe-drine 50 mg in 16 healthy Caucasian men with no drug/ alcohol/nicotine abuse or dependence (5). Intranasal ephedrine caused an increase in blood pressure but associated orthostatic hypotension. 

Passion flower was shown to be effective as an aphrodisiac, to enhance libido and virility and to prevent azospermia in mice and rats. These effects were most pronounced with reduced sexual function associated with del-ta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (A -THC), alcohol, nicotine, and aging. ... 

Increased risk factors for suffering retinoid side effects are adipositas, alcohol abuse, diabetes, nicotine abuse, familiar lipid metabolism alterations and other concommittant therapies (see below). 

In humans, a comparative examination of the positive reinforcing effects of solvents showed that among inhalant-dependent subjects, solvents induced a more intense sensation of pleasant feelings than that induced by alcohol and nicotine in subjects addicted to these substances (Kono et al. 2001). Solvent-dependent subjects reported pleasant feelings comparable to those reported by stimulant-dependent subjects after use of methamphetamine. However,... 

Tolerance is characterized by reduced responsiveness to the initial effects of a drug after repeated exposure or reduced responsiveness to a related compound (i.e., cross-tolerance). Animal studies have not provided conclusive evidence of tolerance to the effects of the centrally active compounds in toluene or trichloroethane (Moser and Balster 1981 Moser et al. 1985). Observations in humans, on the other hand, have documented pronounced tolerance among subjects who chronically inhale substances with high concentrations of toluene (Glaser and Massengale 1962 Press and Done 1967) and butane (Evans and Raistrick 1987). Kono et al. (2001) showed that tolerance to the reinforcing effects of solvents is comparable to that conditioned by nicotine but less intense than that reported with alcohol or methamphetamine use. 

Rohsenow DJ, Monti PM, Colby SM, et al Naltrexone treatment for alcoholics effect on cigarette smoking rates. Nicotine Tob Res 5 231-236, 2003 Rose JE, Levin ED Concurrent agonist-antagonist administration for the analysis and treatment of drug dependence. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 41 219—226, 1991 Rose JE, Behm FM, Westman EC, et al Mecamylamine combined with nicotine skin patch facilitates smoking cessation beyond nicontine patch treatment alone. Clin Pharmacol Ther 56 86-99, 1994... 

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