Reinforcement positive

A special attribute of these processes is the abiHty to pre-position reinforcement, inserts, and core materials for stiffening ribs. Gel coatings can be apphed to the mold surface to eliminate post-mold finishing. Because both surfaces of the part are formed in a mold to close tolerances, accurate assemblies are possible, which is a requirement for many automotive or tmck body appHcations. 

An often overlooked benefit of evaluafion is that it can give positive reinforcement to the participants. This may be as simple as reminding mentors and mentees how much they have achieved and how many issues they have tackled. For mentors it will also be encouraging to hear that they are... 

Toluene, volatile nitrites, and anesthetics, like other substances of abuse such as cocaine, nicotine, and heroin, are characterized by rapid absorption, rapid entry into the brain, high bioavailability, a short half-life, and a rapid rate of metabolism and clearance (Gerasimov et al. 2002 Pontieri et al. 1996, 1998). Because these pharmacokinetic parameters are associated with the ability of addictive substances to induce positive reinforcing effects, it appears that the pharmacokinetic features of inhalants contribute to their high abuse liability among susceptible individuals. 

In humans, a comparative examination of the positive reinforcing effects of solvents showed that among inhalant-dependent subjects, solvents induced a more intense sensation of pleasant feelings than that induced by alcohol and nicotine in subjects addicted to these substances (Kono et al. 2001). Solvent-dependent subjects reported pleasant feelings comparable to those reported by stimulant-dependent subjects after use of methamphetamine. However,... 

In CRA with alcohol-dependent patients, reinforcement of disulfiram compliance is one of the primary components of treatment, such that use of alcohol loses its reinforcing aspects and, in fact, becomes aversive. Furthermore, reinforcement from other sources is increased. Positive reinforcement for not drinking comes in the form of scheduhng other recreational activities and reorganizing daily life by breaking down pracrical barriers. For example, the therapist may assist the patient in obtaining a telephone, a place to hve, or transportation to treatment. 

Ongoing experiments with methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) show a systematic dose-dependent decrease in attack and threat behavior in mice confronting an intruder into their homecage (Miczek et al., unpublished observations). The decrement in aggressive behavior appears to be behaviorally specific it is obtained at MDMA doses (0.3, 1, 3 mg/kg) that are lower than those necessary to decrease measures of conditioned performance under the control of schedules of positive reinforcement. Because of species-dependent neurotoxicity, MDMA s effects on aggressive behavior need to be explored in other species, including primates. 

Koob, G.F. Vaccarino, F.J. Amalric, M. and Bloom, F.E. Positive reinforcement properties of drugs Search for neural substrates. In ... 

Psychological aspects of caffeine dependency, to the extent that they occur, may be due to the reinforcing effects of the drug.235-297 In fact, doses as low as 25 mg have been shown to have reinforcing properties.284 Although caffeine may not be as reinforcing as other psychostimulants,163 animal studies have shown that it does have the properties of a positive reinforcer.298... 

Nicotine has a wide range of effects on behavior in humans and individual response to nicotine may predict predisposition to addiction. Some individuals may be genetically more likely to be hypersensitive to nicotine and, therefore, find it aversive others may be more positively reinforced by nicotine and seek to repeat the stimulus. Genetically modified animals are increasingly important tools for elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in addiction. 

Positive reinforcement = pleasurable consequences related to substance use... 

Olds, J. and Milner, P. (1954) Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 47, 419-427. 

Overall, p agonists increase transmission in the mesolimbic dopamine system (Devine et al. 1993 Johnson and North 1992). They inhibit GABAergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area, disinhibiting dopamine activity. In contrast, k agonists inhibit dopamine release in the same system. As with other drugs of abuse, an influence on the mesolimbic dopamine is believed to mediate the positive reinforcing effects of opioids. 

LSD produces a rapid and complete tolerance, but it is not powerfully reinforcing the way drugs of abuse like cocaine and heroin are. LSD does not produce any known withdrawal syndrome (Abraham et al. 1996). It does not produce positive reinforcement in animal self-administration models. Concurrently in humans, it does not lead to patterns of repeti-... 

The studies reviewed in Sect. 6.1 above also provide numerous findings suggesting that dopamine released downstream from the nicotinic receptors acts as a mediator of nicotine discrimination. Nevertheless, the findings from studies with dopamine antagonists provide evidence that dopamine-related effects comprise only one element in the nicotine-induced stimulus complex. This conclusion appears to contrast with studies on the positive reinforcing property of nicotine where dopamine appears to play a crucial mediating role, as shown not only by studies with... 

Watkins SS, Koob GF, Markou A (2000) Neural mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction acute positive reinforcement and withdrawal. Nicotine Tob Res 2 19-37 West RJ, Russell MA (1985) Effects of withdrawal from long-term nicotine gum use. Psychol Med 15 891-893... 

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