Nicotine abuse

Increased risk factors for suffering retinoid side effects are adipositas, alcohol abuse, diabetes, nicotine abuse, familiar lipid metabolism alterations and other concommittant therapies (see below). 

Dani, J., Heinemann, S. Molecular and cellular aspects of nicotine abuse. Neuron. 16 905, 1996. 

Le Houezec J. (1998). Nicotine abused substance and therapeutic agent. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 23(2) 95-108. 

Elevation of y-GT is found in cholestasis, liver cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, fatty liver, porphyria, toxic liver damage, pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, myocardial infarction, nephrotic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, right heart failure, obesity, nicotine abuse, and brain tumours. There is a good correlation of y-GT with CEA in colon cancer, involving a metastatic spread to the liver - an increase in y-GT in neoplastic disease is likewise supportive of the diagnosis of hepatic metastases. 

The cardiovascular effects, subjective effects, and abuse potential of single intranasal doses of ephedrine 5 and 10 mg have been compared with oral doses of (—)ephe-drine 50 mg in 16 healthy Caucasian men with no drug/ alcohol/nicotine abuse or dependence (5). Intranasal ephedrine caused an increase in blood pressure but associated orthostatic hypotension. 

HDL deficiency may, in many cases, be a secondary syndrome, i.e. linked to hypertriglyceridemia, nicotine abuse, physical inactivity, etc. The primary deficiencies are also numerous Tangier disease, fish-eye disease, A-I-C-III deficiencies (variants I and II), some of the mutants, and HDL processing defects. 

Like mAChRs, nAChRs have been implicated in the etiology of ALheimef s disease and related dementias as well as in gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disorders. Nicotine has high abuse potential and is the primary component in reinforcing smoking behaviors. Nicotine patches have been... 

Glassification of Substance-Related Disorders. The DSM-IV classification system (1) divides substance-related disorders into two categories (/) substance use disorders, ie, abuse and dependence and (2) substance-induced disorders, intoxication, withdrawal, delirium, persisting dementia, persisting amnestic disorder, psychotic disorder, mood disorder, anxiety disorder, sexual dysfunction, and sleep disorder. The different classes of substances addressed herein are alcohol, amphetamines, caffeine, caimabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine, opioids, phencyclidine, sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics, polysubstance, and others. On the basis of their significant socioeconomic impact, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, and opioids have been selected for discussion herein. 

The nucleus accumbens is part of the limbic system. It receives dopaminergic input through the mesolimbic system that originates from cell bodies in the ventral segmental area (A 10 cell group). This mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway is part of the reward pathways. Drugs of abuse (cocaine, amphetamine, opiates or nicotine) have been shown to increase the level of dopamine release in these neurons. 

Nicotine is the main psychoactive ingredient of tobacco and is responsible for the stimulant effects and abuse/ addiction that may result form tobacco use. Cigarette smoking rapidly (in about 3 sec ) delivers pulses of nicotine into the bloodstream. Its initial effects are caused by its activation of nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptors. nACh receptors are ligand-gated ion-channels and pre- and postsynaptically located. Reinforcement depends on an intact mesolimbic dopamine system (VTA). nACh receptors on VTA dopamine neurons are normally activated by cholinergic innervation from the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus or the pedunculopontine nucleus. 

Lthanol (or alcohol) is a two-carbon molecule that, in contrast to many other drugs of abuse, such as opioids, cocaine, and nicotine, does not bind to specific brain receptors. Nonetheless, alcohol affects a variety of neurotransmitter systems, including virtually all of the major systems that have been associated with psychiatric symptoms (Kranzier 1995). Alcohol affects these neurotransmitter systems indirectly by modifying the composition and functioning of... 

Jaffe JH Drug dependence opioids, nonnarcotics, nicotine (tobacco), and caffeine, in Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 5th Edition, Vol 1. Edited by Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ. Baltimore, Williams c Wilkins, 1989, pp 642-686 Jaffe J, Knapp CM, Ciraulo DA Opiates clinical aspects, in Substance Abuse A Comprehensive Textbook. Edited by Lowinson JH, Ruiz P, Millman RB, et al. New York, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2004, pp 158—165 Jarvis MA, Schnoll SH Methadone use dming pregnancy. NIDA Res Monogr 149 58— 77, 1995... 

Toluene, volatile nitrites, and anesthetics, like other substances of abuse such as cocaine, nicotine, and heroin, are characterized by rapid absorption, rapid entry into the brain, high bioavailability, a short half-life, and a rapid rate of metabolism and clearance (Gerasimov et al. 2002 Pontieri et al. 1996, 1998). Because these pharmacokinetic parameters are associated with the ability of addictive substances to induce positive reinforcing effects, it appears that the pharmacokinetic features of inhalants contribute to their high abuse liability among susceptible individuals. 

Bale AS, Smothers CT, Woodward JJ Inhibition of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by the abused solvent, toluene. Br J Pharmacol 137 375-383, 2002... 

Pontieri FE, Tanda G, Orzi F, et al Effects of nicotine on the nucleus accumbens and similarity to those of addictive drugs. Nature 382 235-237, 1996 Pontieri FE, Zocchi A, Orzi F Mapping of functional changes associated with administration of substances of abuse in the rat. Funct Neurol 13 311-326, 1998 Preble E, Laury GV Plastic cement the ten cent hallucinogen. Int J Addict 2 271— 272, 1967... 

Specific concomitant medications or consumptions (check specific statin package insert for warnings) fibrates (especially gemfibrozil, but other fibrates too), nicotinic acid (rarely), cyclosporine, azole antifungals such as itraconazole and ketoconazole, macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin and clarithromycin, protease inhibitors used to treat Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, nefazodone (antidepressant), verapamil, amiodarone, large quantities of grapefruit juice (usually more than 1 quart per day), and alcohol abuse (independently predisposes to myopathy)... 

The abused substances covered in this chapter include nicotine, alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines, cannabis, and opioids. While many more substances can be and have been abused, these drugs are among the most popular. 

Falk, J. L., Zhang, J., Chen, R., and Lau, C. E., A schedule induction probe technique for evaluating abuse potential Comparison of ethanol, nicotine and caffeine, and caffeine-midazolam interaction. Special Issue Behavioural pharmacology of alcohol. Behavioural Pharmacology 5(4-5), 513-520, 1994. 

Kozlowski, L. T., Henningfield, J. E., Keenan, R. M., Lei, H., et al., Patterns of alcohol, cigarette, and caffeine and other drug use in two drug abusing populations. Special Issue Towards a broader view of recovery Integrating nicotine addiction and chemical dependency treatments. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 1993 Mar-Apr Vol 10(2), 171-179, 1993. 

Foltin, R. W., The importance of drug self-administration studies in the analysis of abuse liability An analysis of caffeine, nicotine, anabolic steroids, and designer drugs. Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions (1990, Santa Monica, California). American Journal on Addictions Spr Vol 1(2), 139-149, 1992. 

The dopaminergic system plays a role in the abuse liability for some, if not most, drugs. The stimulants — opiates, marijuana, nicotine, and ethanol — all interact directly or indirectly with... 

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