Nicotinates effects

Chapter 1 which showed that since muscarine mimicked some of the actions of ACh (but not all) while nicotine mimicked the other actions of ACh, then ACh probably acted on two distinct types of receptors. The fact that atropine antagonised the muscarinic effects of ACh but not the nicotinic effects, while tubocurarine blocked the nicotinic effects provided firm evidence for this concept. These simple qualitative observations by Langley and others at the beginning of the twentieth century led to the development of more quantitative pharmacological methods that were subsequently used to identify and classify receptors. These methods were based on the use of both (1) agonist and (2) antagonist drugs ... 

Brauer, L., Behm, F., Westman, E., Patel, P., Rose, J. Naltrexone blockade of nicotine effects in cigarette smokers. Psychopharmacology. 143 339, 1999. 

Behavioral and cognitive effects Lobeline appears to be reinforcing in a similar manner to nicotine. Despite weak nicotinic effects, drug-naive animals will self-administer lobeline, as they would with other reinforc-... 

Levin ED, Conners CK, Siiva D, Hinton SC, Meek WH, March J, Rose JE. (1998). Transdermai nicotine effects on attention. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 140(2) 135-41. 

Lawrence and colleagues (2002) explored the neural substrates of nicotine effects on sustained attention using the rapid visual information processing (RVIP) task. Smokers (n = 15) received either placebo or 21-mg transdermal nicotine patch prior to testing. Matched nonsmokers (n = 14) were tested under similar conditions, but did not receive a nicotine patch. Relative to the placebo condition, the smokers in the nicotine condition demonstrated improved task performance and increased neural activity in the parietal and occipital cortices, the thalamus and caudate, and decreased activity in left frontal, anterior and posterior cingulate, insula, and left parahippocampal regions (see Fig. 3). As noted by the authors, previous studies... 

Thiel et al, (2005) 15 Nicorette polacrilex gum, 1 and 2 mg Cued target detection Nicotine reduced neural activity in the left IPS and precuneus, and decreased RTs to invahd cues. Only participants who were slow in the placebo session showed benefits. The alerting-related nicotine effects were associated with reduction of activation in the right angular and middle frontal gyri. 

Perkins KA, Donny E, et al (1999) Sex differences in nicotine effects and self-administration review of human and animal evidence. Nicotine Tob Res 1(4) 301-315 Perkins KA, Epstein EH, et al (1991) Effects of dose, gender, and level of physical activity on acute metabolic response to nicotine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 40(2) 203-208 Perkins KA, Epstein EH, et al (1992) Effects of nicotine on hunger and eating in male and female smokers. Psychopharmacology 106(l) 53-59... 

Perkins KA (1999a) Basehne-dependency of nicotine effects a review, Behav Pharmacol 10 597-615... 

A British American Tobacco (BAT) conference presentation described a research program to meet the criteria for maximizing nicotine effects to satisfy consumer needs from a minimum dose of nicotine ( British American Tobacco 1984a),... 

Benowitz NL, Eitzgerald GA, Wilson M, Zhang Q (1993) Nicotine effects on eicosanoid formation and hemostatic function comparison of transdermal nicotine and cigarette smoking. J Am Coll Cardiol 22 1159-1167... 

Levin ED, Torry D, Acute and chronic nicotine effects on working memory in aged rats, Psychopharmacology 123 88-97, 1996. 

Levin, E., Conners, C., Sparrow, E., Hinton, S., Erhardt, D., Meek, W., Rose, J., and March, J. (1996) Nicotine effects on adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacology... 

Levin E, Connors CK, Sparrow E, et al Nicotine effects in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Paper presented at 1st annual meeting. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, San Diego, March 24-25, 1995 Levine J, Rapaport A, Lev L, et al Inositol treatment raises CSF inositol levels. Brain Res 627 168-170, 1993... 

It soon became evident that no available antidotes could block the pharmacologic activity of these chemicals, alleviate the signs and symptoms of toxicity, or restore normal bodily functions after exposure. Atropine readily antagonized the muscarinic actions, including those in the central nervous system (CNS), but elicited no reversal of the nicotinic effects. Better forms of therapy were sought, particularly to alleviate the nicotinic effects of anticholinesterase agents. 

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