Airplane industry

Prepolymeric HDI-BT paint formnlations, which generally contain 1% monomeric HDI, are now widely used for coatings applications, particularly in the automobile and airplane industries (Alexandersson et al. 1987 Karol 1986 Key-Schwartz 1992 Nielson et al. 1985 Rosenberg and Savolainen 1986 Rosenberg and Tuomi 1984). Consequently, many reported occupational exposures to HDI are actually exposures predominantly to HDI-BT (Karol 1986 Karol and Hauth 1982). Although isocyanate prepolymers are safer to use than the free monomers, primarily because of their lower vapor pressures, they can still pose a health risk to workers when inhaled in the aerosol form (Karol and Hauth 1982 Rosenberg and Tuomi 1984). There... 

Cooperative research has also become increasingly important—notably through the establishment, just 25 years ago, of the API program of fundamental research. Much joint work has also been done with other industries. The automobile industry has joined in various important studies on the effect of octane number, vapor pressure, and sulfur in fuels, and on the increasingly important subject of additive-containing lubricating oils. The airplane industry and the airplane users—particularly the Armed Forces—have likewise cooperated, and have profited greatly by the results. 

During the decade from 1920 to 1930, the automobile manufacturers produced complex transportation mechanisms from metal, rubber, glass and engines, with electric, hydraulic and mechanical controls. The commercial airplane industry of the era produced complex transportation mechanisms made of metal, rubber, glass and engines, and had electric, hydraulic and mechanical controls. It would seem natural these two similar complex transportation mechanisms should be made by the same manufacturers. Of the automobile manufacturers in the United States, only Ford ever tried to manufacture aircraft. The Ford Trimotor was an excellent aircraft but was only manufactured for a few years. 

In some studies of spray painters in the automobile and airplane industries and of house painters mortality from liver cirrhosis was increased. Another study investigating house painters, however, did not show an increase. ... 

TABLE 3—Corrosion tests conducted in the commercial airplanes industry. 

In airplane industry such an architecture called also Dual-Dual Architecture Fig. 4.64 Independent redundant architecture for safety-related intended function... 

At the close of the activities in connection with the synthetic rubber program, I became interested in thermally stable polymers which were needed in the airplane industries and related uses. The Materials Laboratory of Wright Patterson Air Force group furnished me financial support for this work. After several starts we found that polyaromatic heterocycles were the best types of thermally stable polymers for use. An early example of this type of product was the FBI made from diphenyl isophthalate and tetraaminodiphenyl which we described first in 1961. ... 

Animal blood also has old credentials. According to Lambuth, there is evidence that the Aztec Indians, the ancient people of the Mediterranean, and the people of the Baltic used blood as a water resistant structural adhesive. There was an increase in the use of blood as an adhesive in the period from 1910 to 1925, following the discovery of a method for producing dried soluble blood. This use coincided with the need for water-resistant plywood for the airplane industry in World War I. Heat-cured... 

Patrick Gruber, Cargill Dow LLC That kind of information actually is used, and we do it, too, each time that we develop a new process, and we have done lots of them. We use all modeling techniques that are available, information-based techniques that are based on fundamentals. Each time we use models, then we stand back and consider what risk we are taking. In the airplane industry, for example, they are working with extremely well-characterized materials, not forefront materials. They are optimizing manufacturing systems based on what they have done before. 

Usually, bolts, screws, rivets, or welds are used to connect steel members. Adhesive-bonded joints are an interesting alternative without holes and residual stresses not for the car and airplane industry alone, where adhesives are widely used to connect metal (Pasternak and Meinz 2006). 

In the early stages of the nuclear industry, zirconium had been discounted as a potential cladding material. It was expensive to produce, with costs around 600 per pound, and the quantity initially available was miniscule. In 1943, there were only 2 oz present in the entire US. By the end of the WWII, the situation began to change. The Foote Mineral Co. had produced 21 lb of zirconium for investigation of its fundamental properties as a corrosion resistant material for use in the airplane industry. The increased production caused the cost to drop, but it still was prohibitively expensive at 300 per pound (R. G. Hewlett and Duncan, 1974). More zirconium was produced after the war, and the price continued to drop. With the falling prices, interest in the material for the nuclear industry expanded (Enghag, 2004). 

A1 alloys often contain some percents of Cu. Vapor-deposited films of this composition range have been used in the semiconductor industry for conductive connections in integrated circuits. The Cu content is used to reduce electromigration, which leads to failure of the metallic connections. Cu can cause corrosion problems on a small scale. Electrolyte residues together with moisture and voltage supply of 5-18V may lead to corrosion phenomena. Cu-rich inclusions are widely known to be detrimental to the corrosion resistance of A1 alloys used in the ship building and airplane industry. 

In the category of industrial appHcations, nylon is the predominant fiber used in the carcass of bias tmck, racing car, and airplane tires because of its exceUent strength, adhesion to mbber, and fatigue resistance. Nylon is used less in the carcass of radial tires for automobiles and in replacement bias and bias-belted tires because of the development of temporary flat spots. For this reason, nylon has lost most of this market to polyester. 

Pressure sensitive adhesives and adhesive-coated articles have found a growing list of applications in the automotive, marine, airplane and appliance industries. The main uses are in assembly and decoration, but applications in the areas of... 

With the Industrial Revolution, life became more complex but it was not until World War II that reliability engineering was needed to keep the complex airplanes, tanks, vehicles and ships operating. Of particular concern was the reliability of radar. Prior to this time equipment was known qualitatively to be reliable or unreliable. To quantify reliability requires collecting statistics on part failures in order to calculate the mean time to failure and the mean time to repair. Since then, NASA and the military has included reliability specifications in procurements thereby sustaining the collection and evaluation of data build statistical accuracy although it adds to the cost. 

There are some interesting examples of industrial cleaners based on alkanesulfonates other than in the I I segment. The wetting properties and the stability against hydrolysis make possible a broad spectrum of tailor-made products for neutral, alkaline, and acid media as well. Examples are the cleaning of trucks, busses, railway fuel cars, and airplanes (Table 31). 

The chemical industry affects virtually all aspects of our lives. Were it to disappear suddenly, we would find ourselves living again in the early nineteenth century without cars, airplanes, television, electric fights, most of our colorful clothing, most perishable food, most drugs and medicine, plastics, and all the rest of the modern conveniences that most of us take for granted. 

Hydraulic fluids are a very large class of materials that are used in machines and equipment to transfer pressure from one point to another. They are used in many ways including all fluids for car automatic transmissions, brakes, and power steering. Hydraulic fluids are also used in many machines like tractors and other farm equipment, forklift trucks, bulldozers, and other construction equipment, and airplanes. In industry, hydraulic fluids are used in machines that push, lift, pull, turn, and hold things. This profile covers only three of the many types of... 

Jerome O. Nriagu. The Rise and Fall of Leaded Gasoline. The Science of the Total Environment. 92 (1990) 13-28. An authoritative history of leaded gasoline. The source for airplane octane lead industry pays Kehoe s salary one of few environmentally unsafe products forced out of market place one of top 10 chemicals in U.S. Esso slogan compression ratio and valve seat recession Kettering about automobile at crossroads, Europe versus U.S. 90 percent all U.S. gas and 80 percent worldwide autos after 20 years of TEL TEL drove U.S. transport lead removed from Ethyl trade name and Ethyl s control of publications and environment to be monitored by voluntary self-regulation, not legislation. 

Aluminum is very malleable, as anyone can see from the thin rolls of aluminum foil (sometimes wrongly called tin foil ) used in modem kitchens. Toothpaste tubes are made of aluminum, and so are many toys and various parts of cars. There is even an artificial ruby made of a compound of aluminum, used in jeweled watches. Aluminum does not corrode, and so it is used for kitchenware and for many items in the construction industry. Because aluminum is light, it is used a great deal in airplane construction. 

While clothing many a householder and setting many a table, Farben synthetics created a revolution in the older war industries. Germany had little copper. Farben replaced it with aluminum and magnesium magnesium, produced out of pure German materials, would make airplanes and some motorized vehicles. 

Homes and public buildings heated or cooled for a few pennies. Automobiles and railroads and airplanes that will run smoothly and noiselessly without refueling months on end. Metallurgy revolutionized. Industries operated at a negligible cost of power, bringing... 

As a result of their hardness, noncorrosiveness, and ductility, tantalum alloys are used to fabricate parts for nuclear reactors, missiles, and airplanes, and in industries where metal with these qualities is required. 

U.S. Over 55,000 chemicals are commercially produced, but only 10% of these account for over 99.9% of production and are made in excess of 1 million Ib/yr in the U.S. The top chemical companies have a small percentage of sales compared to other industries like automobiles, airplanes, tires, and glass, where 80-99% of sales are taken by the top eight companies or less. Diversity of products in companies has increased in the last few years. Before 1940 chemical companies sold nothing but chemicals. Although some are primarily chemical, others have diversified so that it is possible to have chemicals account for a smaller percentage of the company s sales. Corporations such as the petroleum companies have chemical sales with a very low percentage of total sales. 

---