Armed Forces

To quote Walt Uhner, the senior Army War College faculty member responsible for the smdy, as he addressed the top Army leadership, Gentlemen, a scenario that was repeatedly described to us during our interviews for the study includes an ambitious, transitory commander, marginally skilled in the complexities of his duties, engulfed in producing statistical results, fearful of personal failure, too busy to talk with or listen to his subordinates, and determined to submit acceptably optimistic reports which reflect faultless completion of a variety of tasks at the expense of the sweat and frustrations of his subordinates (Kitfield 1995). 

When we first read this, we were shocked at the parallel between this circumstance in the military during wartime and the many similar conditions we see in industry, in which managers pursue numbers and ignore the supposed purpose that the numbers were trying to address. If they can create optimistic reports, by whatever means, they will get bonuses and promotion. Because their tenure in any particular position is brief, they can 

When the results of the morale study were brought to the commander-in-chief, General Westmoreland, it included the following recommendations for action  

An important part of the context for the transformation was the change that modem weaponry dictated on the battlefield. The Army s observation of the Yom Kippur War, in 1973, indicated that modem weapons are so lethal that the next war would likely be over after the first battle. America could not depend on its industrial might to ramp up after an initial attack. We had to decisively win the initial engagement. Based on this perception, DePuy led the creation of the fighting doctrine air-land battle that utilized modem communications and transportation and the coordination of forces. This doctrine, executed to perfection because of the Army s effective training, was the basis of the Desert Storm campaign. 

Another important facet of the reform was the creation of the afteraction review, hi both training and wartime, each significant action is reviewed with the objective of finding lessons to be learned. This is an opportunity for subordinates to share information with senior officers that may be critical of the performance of the unit and of these senior officers. Officers who are resistant to this feedback have difficulty with promotion. 

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The pyrethroid permethrin is an effective repeUent for biting flies, mosquitoes, and ticks. A 30% permethrin cream is a general-purpose repeUent used by the U.S. Armed Forces. 

Specifications. Among the many specifications covering refractory products, the best known are those pubUshed by ASTM. In addition, specifications are issued by the U.S. Government and the armed forces. The former are generally preceded by the prefix HH and the later by the prefix MIL. The ASTM refractory specifications always suggest a use, whereas federal and military specifications are iaconsistent ia this respect. 

The effect of World War 11 was very drastically felt in the sugar industry. Raw materials, machine parts, and maintenance items needed to maintain sugar processing were diverted to the war industry. Many sugar industry experts were conscripted into the armed forces. In the European theater of war, factories and agriculture were destroyed. At the end of World War 11 sugar production barely totalled 19,162,000 t/yr. 

G. R. Middleton, R. W. Young, and L.. Jenkins, Jr., MnnualKesearch Keport, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, National Technical Information Service, Spriagfield, Va., 1974, pp. 77—79. 

Heer, n. army armed forces host. Heeresgerat, n. army material or equipment, Heerstrasse,/, highway military road. 

Waffe, /. weapon, (pi.) arms, force. Waffen-dienst, m. military service, -fabrik, /. arms factory, -fett, n. gun grease, rifle grease, -haus, n. arsenal, armory, waffenlos, a. unarmed. 

The requirements for the US Armed Forces are detailed in the Mil Spec listed as Ref 3, which covers powdered Mg suitable for use in ammo. It states that Mg powder shall be furnished in the following types, grades, and granulations ... 

When Mg is alloyed with Al, for use in some incendiary, tracer and photoflash compns, the requirements of the US Armed Forces are given in the Mil Spec entitled, Magnesium-Aluminum Alloy, Powdered (Ref 1). It covers two types of Mg-Al alloy, Type A (50/50), and Type B (65/35)... 

Manganese Mn, at wt 54.94, brittle, silvery metal, mp 1245°, bp 2097°, d 7,44g/cc, Mohs hardness 5 decomps in w, readily dissolved in dil mineral acids. Usually associated with Fe ores in sub-marginal concns. Important ores of Mn are pyrolusite, manganite, psilomelane rhodochrosite. Prepd by reduction of the oxide with Al or C. Pure Mn is obtained electrolyti-cally from sulfate or chloride sain. It is used, in powd form, in the manuf of delay powds and in some pyrotechnic mixts. The requirements of the USA Armed Forces are covered by... 

The requirements of the US Armed Forces are contained in Mil Spec JAN-B-660, Barium Oxalate (For Use In Ammunition) , (5 Aug. 1948) Color — white moisture — 0.3% max material insol in 10% HC1 soln - 0.5% max material sol in water - 0.3% max water sol alkalinity — 0.1% max water sol acidity — the water extract shall not be acid to methyl orange barium oxalate — 92% min calcium salts —... 

The requirements of the US Armed Forces are described in Mil Spec JAN-S-210, Sodium Oxalate (Technical Grade) , (15 May 1945) ... 

The requirements of the US Armed Forces are detailed in Mil Spec MIL-S-12210A, Strontium Oxalate , (11 Sept 1952) Strontium oxalate shall be of the following grades as specified Grade A — anhydrous strontium oxalate Grade B — hydrated strontium oxalate, and shall conform to the physical and chemical properties listed in Table 1... 

Hie US Armed Forces requirements for oxalic acid are covered by Federal Spec 0-0-690a, Oxalic Acid, Dihydrate, Technical , (July 1, 1968). It details three classes class 1—large crystals, class 2—small crystals, and class 3— powder. It requires a min assay of 99.0% by wt as H2C204.2H20, a max ash content of 0.20% by wt, and the following particle size characteristics using US Standard sieves ... 

It was found that chlorides, chlorates, and nitrates interfere by forming in sol ppts (Ref 6). Later it was found that w sol perchlorates could be analyzed gravimetrically by pptn of the perchlorate ion as tetraphenylarsonium perchlorate (Ksp at 20° = 2.60 0.14 x 10"9). The ppt can be (Tried at 105° and weighed directly (Ref 16). Still more recently a specific perchlorate ion electrode has been developed (Ref 17) which can be used for the potentiometric titration of the perchlorate ion using a soln of tetraphenylarsonium chloride as the titrant (Ref 15). Tetra-phenylphosphonium chloride has been similarly used, but the corresponding Sb compd is too insol in w for practical use (Ref 8), For routine assay of perchlorates for use by the armed forces, a Na carbonate fusion procedure is described in Mil Specs MlL-A-23946 (19 Aug 1964) MIL-A-23948 (19 Aug 1964) (see also under Ammonium Perchlorate). The tetraphenylarsonium chloride procedure has also been proposed for use in Mil Specs (Ref 11)... 

The requirements of the US Armed Forces for phosgene are covered in specification Ml L-P-10455A (18 Apr 1951), which covers two grades Grade A - for use in munitions, max free chlorine 1.0%, and Grade B — for use in chemical manuf, max free chlorine 0.05%. Both grades are required to have a purity of 98.0% min, acidity (calcd as HC1) of 0.50% max, and residue on evaporation of 0.50%... 

The requirements of the US Armed Forces for P trichloride are covered in two specifications, M1L-P-10398B (11 Feb 1969) for Phosphorus Trichloride, Technical, and MIL-P-51300 (12 March 1969) for Phosphorus Trichloride, Analyzed Reagent... 

The requirements of the US Armed Forces are described in Military Specification MIL A-166C (6 January 1975) entitled, Ammonium Picrate (Explosive D) It covers one grade of material, representing two classes with respect to granulation. Class 1 material (coarse) is intended for use in the press-loading of shells, while Class 2 (fine) is used for the manuf of Picratol and other compns. The requirements are as follows ... 

Pyrogels used by the US armed forces include (1) PT1, which is a complex mixt based on a paste of Mg and an oxidizer, bound with petroleum distillate and asphalt. Isobutyl methacrylate is used as a thickener. (2) PT2, which contains 5% isobutyl methacrylate as a thickener, together with Ba nitrate and a small quantity of asphalt. (3) PTV, which is described as an improved oil and metal incendiary mixt composed of 5% poly butadiene, 6% Na nitrate, 28% Mg, and a trace of p-aminophenol in 60% gasoline (Ref 5)... 

Knapp s group have collaborated with the Centre for Human Sciences of the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency to evaluate the health economic considerations of PTSD (McCrone et al, in press). They have found that many factors need to be taken into account such as the prevention of PTSD, the discharge from the armed forces for military-related PTSD, and various treatment options. As yet, there are no clear estimates of the costs of treatment. 

McCrone P, Knapp M, Cawkill P (2001). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the UK Armed Forces health economic consideration. In press. 

The only military characteristic which has been met adequately at the present time is that of a high degree of insecticidal activity per unit weight. The other requirements are not being met adequately by the insecticides in commercial production at this time and a vast amount of research is necessary before the armed forces can be furnished with an insecticide which is entirely satisfactory for military needs. 

All of us have witnessed developments of the past decade when a second world war engulfed most of the civilized world. Insect control was of prime importance to the protection of the armed forces against insect vectors of disease organisms as well as to the pro-... 

Krafft AE, Duncan BW, Bijwaard KE, et al. Optimization of the isolation and amplification of RNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue The Armed Force Institute of Pathology experience and literature review. Mol. Diagn. 1997 2 217-230. 

Robert E. Cunningham, Histologist, Department of Biophysics, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rockville, MD... 

Chapter 11 addresses national and personal security, both the role that the chemical sciences can play in dealing with terrorist threats and the other ways in which national and personal security depend on current and future advances. There are serious challenges in this area. How can we detect chemical or biological attacks How can we deal with them when they are detected How can we provide improved materials and weapons to our armed forces, and to our civilian police What can we contribute to increase the security of the average citizen We conclude that this is an area where the chemical sciences are particularly central and relevant. 

CHLORINATED PARAFFIN AND ANTIMONY OXIDE. The demands Of the armed forces in World War II for a fire retardant, waterproof treatment for canvas tenting led to the development of a combination treatment containing a chlorinated paraffin (CP), antimony oxide and a binder... 

What had happened in Poland could happen anywhere in the world if the use of force between nations and the peoples of nations was not checked by law. Once armed force had been used —... 

Q. May I ask the question your counsel asked you. Was the planning for the expanded production of buna geared in with the armed forces ... 

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