Accident type classification

Manning, D.P. Indnstrial accident-type classifications—A stndy of the theory and practice of accident prevention based on a compnter analysis of industrial injnry records. MD thesis, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K., 1971. 

Manning, D.R Industrial Accident-Type Classifications—A Study ofthe Theory and Practice of Accident Prevention Based on a Computer Analysis of Industrial Injury Records. MD Thesis. Liverpool, UK University of Liverpool, 1971. 

The investigator documents the loss of control and subsequent uncontrolled energy transfer in the free-text description of the sequence of events. In addition, it is common for statistical purposes to classify the event by accident type . Table 6.6 shows two different schemes for classification of this energy transfer. The first is a traditional accident type classification applied by OSHA in the USA (OSHA, 1971/97). The second is taken from a proposed scheme for the classification of occupational injuries (ILO, 1998). 

Sequence of events Free-text description of sequence of events Free-text description of deviations Type of occurrence (fixed alternatives, i.e. accident, near accident, material damage, fire) Accident type classification (fixed alternatives, see Table 6.6)... 

It is recommended to store the unedited description of the accident sequence and the accident causes from the original report together with an accident type classification, see Table 15.1. The qualitative data are well suited for use in combination with coded data in statistical analyses. The different data-analysis techniques presented in Sections 15.2 to 15.4 below use coded data for data retrieval and presentation purposes. When an interesting subset of accidents has been identified and retrieved, the free-text descriptions of the events can be presented in a tabular format that is easy to survey. Such free-text summaries will help in interpreting the data in a meaningful way. 

Two types of variables of particular relevance for the planning of technical measures are the place of occurrence and the accident type. In order to identify the location as exactly as possible, a reference system has been developed for all public roads and streets. Each intersection has been assigned a unique identification, and the distance from the closest intersection defines the location of the accident site. The accident-type classification addresses the traffic situation and planned manoeuvres immediately before the crash. 

A description of the occurrences directly related to the source of injury classification and explaining how that source produced the injury. Accident type answers the question How did the injured person come in contact with the object, substance, or exposure named as the source of injury, or during what personal movement did the bodily injury occur ... 

Having discussed tlie fundamental cliaracteristics of fires in general and tlie different types of fire, we now e.xamine more closely fire accidents tliat occur in process pkuits. Specifically, we review plant fire classifications, sources, causes, damage potentials, and detection and protection systems. 

Accident frequencies were evaluated separately for the two types of activity mainline transit and rail yard classification. When an accident occurs and the tank car is damaged, the severity of public exposure depends on several factors, including tlie likelihood of a breach in tlie tank car, the severity level of tlie release (i.e., tlie rale or volume of spillage), the likelihood of an explosion, tlie magnitude of tlie explosion, and die dispersion pattern of the unignited vapors. Recall tliat Part II of tliis book deals witli explosions and tlieir effects Part III treats tliis subject of dispersion. Table 21.3.1 smnmarizes tlie transportation risk data for tlie mainline and rail yard segments of tlie tank car journey. 

Amides often give rise to accidents that are difficult to interpret because so many reagents are present and/or because of the complexity of the reactions that are brought into play. It is difficult to find a classification for this group. The first point is the fact that most accidents are due to dimethylformamide (DMF), which is much used as a polar aprotic solvent. When attempting to classify these types of dangerous reactions with this compound, as a model, it can be said that they are mainly due to ... 

The answer to the second question was obtained by using models from organizational control theory. A deviation can re-occur due to ineffective operation of the organization s control process. A theoretical model of this control process, in which causes of precursors can be expressed in terms of ineffective control elements of the organization s control process, was derived from existing models in literature. However, as safety literature shows, there are certain conditions shaping a situation that make these control elements ineffective. These conditions, sometimes called latent conditions in safety literature are the actual root causes of precursors and possible accidents. In this thesis a classification has been developed which identifies six main types of latent conditions (these six latent conditions are context related but... 

For classification data, quality attributes are recorded in one of two classes. Example of these classes are conforming units/nonconforming units, go/no-go, and good/bad. To obtain count data, the number of incidences of a particular type is recorded number of mistakes, number of accidents, or number of sales leads. For continuous data, a measured numerical value is recorded a dimension, physical attribute, or calculated number. 

Classification of accident causal factors starts by examining each of the basic components of a control loop (see figure 3.2) and determining how their improper operation may contribute to the general types of inadequate control. 

SSDC 5 Reported Sigruficant Observation (RSO) Studies SSDC 6 Training as Related to Behavioral Change SSDC 7B DOE Guide to the Classification of Recordable Accidents SSDC 8 Standardization Guide for Construction and Use of MORT Type Analytic... 

Voo et al. (1994) classify head injuries as follows (i) skull fracture, (ii) focal brain injuries, and (iii) diffuse brain injuries. Scalp damage does not have the same importance as brain injury or skull fracture. The seriousness of neck injuiy is also low compared with brain injury or skull fracture (Hume et al., 1995). Compared with skull fracture, brain injury is far more serious, and needs to be given particular importance when considering the protective effect of the helmet under direct impact (Moss et al., 2009). It should be noted that this classification is intended pmely to specify the type of damage and not its occurrence, as in the majority of accidents these injuries overlap to some extent. In this chapter, skull fractures are briefly mentioned before brain injury is reviewed in more detail. 

Another example is the standard on classification of motor vehicle traffic accidents published by NSC. It provides a uniform method for compiling data on highway accidents. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) provides formulas for calculating roadway departure crashes from crash rate data. The method helps highway planners select the types and locations for barriers and guardrails and implement other safety improvements. 

Attribute charts are used when the data being measured meet certain conditions or attributes. Attributes are involved when the safety measures are categorical (Griffin 2000,434). Examples of categorical data include the departments in which accidents are occurring, the job classification of the injured employee, and the type of injury sustained. The type of attribute control chart used depends on the data format of the specific attribute measured. The attribute charts covered in this chapter are... 

Table 3.3 details the type of accident which led to injury, using Railway Inspectorate categories of classification and data.The basic points to glean from these... 

Once the hazards, including the causal factors, have been identified, it becomes important to evaluate the hazards and their effects. Most hazard analysis methodologies apply some type of severity classification. This classification is used as a marker to compare the consequences of one hazard to another. Usually some engineering analysis is done so that you can understand what the effects of the hazard would be if an accident did occur. 

The paper focuses on a list of common incident scenarios in this industry, identifying and using case histories in a Middle-East case in particular and in the world in general. Although the probability of some scenarios are low, certain initiating events and conditions may still happen and cause catastrophic results. Table 1 shows a list of major accidents, scenario types, and initiating events in a Middle East case. It is based on First s classification (First, 2010) who considered 16 scenario types for incidents for various equipment types. 

Table 4 presents the type of accidents occurred under ice conditions and their respective designated severity during the periods 2009-2013. Unfortunately, the data base of the winter 2002-2003 had not such classification. Thus, in winters 2009-2013, 3 accidents were designated as serious, and 16 cases were designated as less serious. There were not very serious accidents occurred under ice conditions during the analyzed time periods. 

This paper indicates that the use of taxonomies from a bi-dimensional approach such as CREAM to classify data is a potential solution to produce meaningful information from three different types of source using the same framework (i) historical data, as demonstrated in this research, plus (ii) incident investigations and (ii) prospective analysis, as in the original application of CREAM HRA. The common framework to conduct human reliability predictions as well as retrospective analysis of events during Human Reliability Analysis in a specific facility or industry is perfectly able to interface with the proposed classification scheme for past accidents, considering that they basically share the same taxonomy. 

The three types of errors enumerated above match with those defined in the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS), which is a general human error framework for classifying aviation accidents. It has been developed and used within the U.S. military, applied to commercial aviation accident records and proved to be a valuable tool in the civil aviation area. But it makes also sense to apply the classification scheme in other areas, like in COOPERS. 

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