Injury classification

A description of the occurrences directly related to the source of injury classification and explaining how that source produced the injury. Accident type answers the question How did the injured person come in contact with the object, substance, or exposure named as the source of injury, or during what personal movement did the bodily injury occur ... 

Serious injury—An injury classification that includes disabling work injuries and injuries such as eye injuries, fractures, hospitalization for observation, loss of consciousness, and any other injury that requires medical treatment by a physician. 

The incidence of articular cartilage injury depends on the definition of cartilage injury. Classification of cartilage lesions is important to evaluate the condition of the articular cartilage. The International Cartilage Repair Society Classification scale is one of the leading classification systems for cartilage lesions [27]. 

Although these physis are strictly apophysis/ physis junctions, a Salter- Harris type epiphy-sis/physis junction injury classification has been proposed for these injuries. Radiographically, the clues to these injuries are the widening of the intervertebral space and displacement of the ossified fragments (Fig. 20.10a-d, 20.1 la-d). In type I... 

This category of injury is used because this is the degree of injury that is mostly recognized in the safety profession. This injury classification is what safety campaigns, safety records, safety performance measurement, safety comparisons, safety competitions, safety recognition schemes, etc., recognize as being the accepted measurement of safety. If less than 1 percent of serious injuries are caused by accidents, safety efforts should not be focused only on them. More effort should be directed at... 

The search criteria entry form (Figure 19.10) allows for adjustments of the traffic accident display in accordance with the user-set criteria. The user can choose from time and spatial data (period, region, municipality, time of accident, weather, road and traffic conditions), typological data (injury classification, type and cause of accident), data about the road type and systematization as well as data regarding the type of accident participants. Once the criteria are set, the user confirms the selected options, after which the application display is refreshed in accordance with the selected criteria. 

Information on the immediate conseqnences to the victim of an accident is nsnally readily available and is well snited for classification. There are standard schemes for the classification of the nature of the injnry and part of body affected. Table 6.2 shows an example of a common injury classification scheme (ILO, 1998 Enrostat, 1998). 

The pneumatic classification system should be designed to handle ha2ardous dust (28). A ha2ardous dust is one which, when finely divided and suspended in air in the proper concentration, bums, produces violent explosions, or is sufficiently toxic to be injurious to personnel health (see Air pollution control methods Powders, handling). At the least, almost any dust can be irritating to personnel because of inhalation or skin or eye contact. Fully oxidi2ed and hydrated materials are generally considered safe. 

A consensus-derived definition and classification system for ARF has been proposed and is being validated (Fig. 75-1). Components of the system include both GFR and UOP plus two clinical outcomes. Definitions of risk of dysfunction, injury to and /ail ure of the kidney, loss of function, and end-stage kidney disease are included in the RIFLE acronym. 

With relevant criteria, the highly reactive substance classification would cover the most likely process deviations and inadvertent mixing scenarios leading to injury however, it may not take into account all process-specific conditions, such as inadvertent mixing of unexpected chemicals or addition of an unexpected catalyzing agent. 

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has established a voluntary consensus standard for recording basic facts relating to the nature and occurrence of work injuries, ANSI Z16.2.( ) This standard has been in use for more than 30 years and provides a consistent baseline for many report formats. The standard focuses on injury to personnel and presents standard classification categories. If alternate codes are used in incident reports, special effort and notation must be made to avoid confusing the reader. 

Serious Injury—The classification for an occupational injury which includes all disabling work injuries and non-disabling work injuries as follows eye injuries requiring treatment by a physician, fractures, injuries requiring hospitalization, loss of consciousness, injuries requiring treatment by a doctor and injuries requiring restriction of motion or work, or assignment to another job. 

An attempt has been made to classify gums into two main groups (a) real gums which are those plant products which form a clear solution in water and (b) vegetable mucilages which are those which swell but do not dissolve completely in water. This classification is useful but not entirely satisfactory since there are exceptions. Thus gum traga-canth, a tree exudate and a true plant gum, is only partially soluble in water and exhibits those properties normally attributed to mucilages. In this section of the article the term plant gum will be restricted to those complex acid polysaccharides which are exuded from trees either spontaneously or after mechanical injury. 

Smith (24) conducted intensive studies of the factors involved in the use of oil sprays to control California red scale and other pests of citrus in southern California. He found that insecticidal efficiency and deleterious effect on the trees were closely related to the so-called weight of the spray oil, as indicated by the distillation range, and that this provided a better basis for classification of spray oils than viscosity. The relationship of the unsulfonated residue of petroleum oils to tree injury had been clearly established previ-... 

Assessment of the impact of the use of gas in the First World War on the Western, Eastern and Italian Fronts is difficult. Analysis of casualty figures is doomed to failure because of a contemporary lack of definition and classification. Gas casualty estimates by several national sources exceed a million but elements of uncertainty exist on the precise cause of death or major source of injury in those who were both gassed and wounded. Also comparison of gas and other battlefield injuries shows vast swings in the proportions on different fronts in different years (Table 2.2). 

A number of industrial chemicals were screened using AFNOR protocols with rabbits as the test systems. Information on the appearance and irritancy potential of different chemicals (and the classification thereof) offers valuable clues to the worker to avoid skin injury (Table 16-4). Certain drugs normally used by humans can cause adverse effects on eyes. The types of ocular disturbance are blurring of vision and diplopia, impairment of visual acuity, yellow vision (xanthopsia), corneal opacities, and lenticular opacities and drugs producing or precipitating the formation of cataract, which have been implicated with the use of candidate drugs. 

The classification of different fire stages shows that fire hazards, and particularly the toxic hazards, depend upon the combustion conditions. In buildings, the majority of fires that are hazardous to life are likely to involve under-ventilated flaming, either pre- or postflashover. Since in the United Kingdom the majority of injuries and deaths from fire occur in domestic dwellings (77%), most deaths can be attributed to preflashover under-ventilated combustion. However, the greatest numbers of deaths from single fire disasters will almost always be attributable to postflashover conditions. 

Mr. Toscano provides some 1995 relative risk fatality statistics which compare several industries relative risk with the occupations described above in his Dangerous Jobs article. These numbers are specific to 1995 and involve fatalities, not major injuries. On a typical day about 17 workers in the United States are killed on the job. Thank goodness that job-related fatalities are relatively infrequent for specific standard industry classifications (SIC code), but a large incident in any industry may skew the information from year to year. 

Several markers should no longer be used to evaluate cardiac disease, including aspartate aminotransferase, total CK, total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and LDH isoenzymes. Due to their wide tissue distribution, these markers have poor specificity for the detection of cardiac injury. Because total CK and CK-MB have served as standards for so many years, some laboratories may continue to measure them to allow for comparisons to cardiac troponin over time, before discontinuing use of CK and CK-MB. In addition, the use of total CK in developing countries may be the preferred or only alternative for financial reasons. However, it should be clear that, for monitoring ACS patients to assist in clinical classification, cardiac troponin is the preferred biomarker. 

TABLE 27.1. Water Solubility, Irritant Classification, and Site of Injury for Selected Highly Reactive Gases... 

Classification of Immune-Mediated Injury Based on Mechanisms... 

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