Data retrieval

Existence of the end user was recognized in the 1980s it was not until the 1990s that vendors made concerted efforts to accommodate end user needs by providing faster, easier, and more powerhil ways to retrieve relevant information. In electronic information retrieval, the term accessibiUty implies that data exist in electronic form, that data retrieval is cost effective, intuitive, and easy, and that the electronic medium contributes to the quaUty and usabihty of the information (27). 

Form of Data. Databases can be classified in many ways. One method is by form of data representation, ie, data may be in the form of words, numbers, images, or sounds. The corresponding databases may then be considered to be word-oriented, number-oriented, image-oriented (video), or sound-oriented (audio). Data representation affects file stmctures and software for search and data retrieval. Thus the stmctures and search techniques vary considerably among these four basic classes. Table 1 gives databases as classified by form of data representation. 

The historical data is sampled at user-specified intervals. A typical process plant contains a large number of data points, but it is not feasible to store data for all points at all times. The user determines if a data point should be included in the list of archive points. Most systems provide archive-point menu displays. The operators are able to add or delete data points to the archive point hsts. The samphng periods are normally some multiples of their base scan frequencies. However, some systems allow historical data samphng of arbitraiy intei vals. This is necessaiy when intermediate virtual data points that do not have the scan frequency attribute are involved. The archive point lists are continuously scanned bv the historical database software. On-line databases are polled for data. The times of data retrieval are recorded with the data ootained. To consei ve storage space, different data compression techniques are employed by various manufacturers. 

Data base A repository for equipment reliability information categorized to facilitate data retrieval or tabular lists of multiple data vectors, with little text except that needed to explain the data presentation format. 

Reliability Data Processing, 4) Safety and Reliability Assessment, 5) Data and Uncertainties, 6) Human Reliability, 7) Reliability Modelling and Techniques, 8) Reliability Feedback in Systems Design and Operation, 9) Intelligent Interfaces for Data Retrieval. 

Before computer-based systems were developed, a major limitation of vibration monitoring programs was the labor required to manage, store, retrieve, and analyze the massive amount of data generated. However, the computer-based systems in use today virtually eliminate this labor requirement. These systems automatically manage data and provide almost instant data retrieval for analysis. 

When the first of our new pilot plants was designed we had the option of full computer control. We decided to Install stand-alone solid state controllers and safety systems to allow the fullest operating flexibility and the best possible data retrieval. The computers chosen for the latter have the capability when we wish to control temperature, pressure or feeds using our own algorithms. 

Research into so-called ontologies is also currently very active. Ontologies can be used to characterize the principal concepts in a particular discipline and how they relate one to another. Many people believe they are necessary if database annotation is to be made accessible to both people and software, but also in facilitating more effective and efficient data retrieval. The well-known Gene Ontology consortium, or GO, defines the term ontology as ... specifications of a relational vocabulary . In other words they are sets of defined terms like the sort that you would find in a dictionary, but the terms are networked. The terms in a given vocabulary are likely to be restricted to... 

A computer-controlled rheology laboratory has been constructed to study and optimize fluids used in hydraulic fracturing applications. Instruments consist of both pressurized capillary viscometers and concentric cylinder rotational viscometers. Computer control, data acquisition and analysis are accomplished by two Hewlett Packard 1000 computers. Custom software provides menu-driven programs for Instrument control, data retrieval and data analysis. 

Data retrieved from interviews and observations must comply with the same criteria, but such data cannot be verified easily. Therefore, cross-functional interviews and confirmation by different people in the organization are necessary. 

From different data sources deviations present in the operational process are collected according to the criteria that define a precursor. The raw data is then split up into tangible data, that is to say data directly available in the organization, e.g. data present in databases, reports, forms, etc. and intangible data, which is indirectly available in an organization, e.g. data retrieved by interviewing people. 

The tangible data retrieved from databases, reports and forms in an organization are (safety ) incidents, inspections, audits. 

In this sub-Section the different research areas concerning each of the three selected case studies are shown. The data is collected from the primary process and part of the secondary process, and subsequently analysed to find the underlying problems present in the tertiary process. The primary process and that part of the secondary process which interacts directly with the primary process, e.g. maintenance, internal transportation, etc., is called the operational process and is the area where the required data is collected from. This operational process is shown in this sub-Section by showing the primary processes and secondly by presenting the interacting secondary processes. The tertiary processes will be presented when discussing the analysis of the data retrieved from the operational processes in sub-Section 7.2.4. 

Combinatorial chemistry and HT E are powerful tools in the hands of a scient ist, as they are a source for meaningful consistent records of data that would be hard to obtain via conventional methods within a decent timeframe. This blessing of fast data acquisition can turn into a curse if the experimentalist does not take precautions to carefully plan the experiments ahead and the means of handling the data and analyzing them afterwards. The two essential elements that ensure a successful execution of ambitious projects on a rational and efficient basis are, therefore, tools that enable the scientist to carefully plan experiments and get the most out of the minimum number of experiments in combination with the possibility of fast and reliable data retrieval from databases. Therefore, experimental planning and data management are complementary skillsets for the pre- and post experimental stages. 

Data Retrieval System (DRS)(2). We find it particularly important to have the plotting programs readily available since this is, as I will illustrate by several examples, an important first step in analysis of structure-activity data. 

Lab notebooks should be permanently bound, with all pages numbered. Reserve the first 3-4 pages for a fully annotated Table of Contents. This will speed up data retrieval when you re rushing to complete a required report or to beat the competition in submitting a manuscript for publication. 

As an alternative, we have made extensive use of the data retrieval and manipulation functions within Pipeline Pilot to provide more powerful querying capabilities without sacrificing ease of use. Figure 4 shows the user interface for the standard ad hoc assay protocol used by most chemists and... 

The basic equipment in the ADME/Tox laboratory revolves around three major core technologies (i) liquid handling (ii) detection and analysis instrumentation and (iii) sofiware for data retrieval, analysis, interpretation and quality control. 

Software, Data Retrieval, Analysis, Manipulation and Interpretation... 

It would require a Herculean effort to prepare a complete discussion and review of every report related to the synthesis, reaction, or application of an oxazole while tabulating every oxazole, oxazolone, oxazoline, and chiral bis(oxazoline) prepared and evaluated during the period of 1983-2001. Such an undertaking is beyond the scope of this review. Furthermore, the ease with which electronic databases, including the patent literature, can be searched, the data retrieved, and the information tabulated would render such a project somewhat redundant. 

A detailed method validation report may not be necessary until submission of the final market application. However, summary reports should be available to facilitate efficient data retrieval and fulfill requests from regulatory agencies for the information when required. 

Calorimetric measurements were carried out on scanning microcalorimeters developed at the Biocalorimetry Center at the John Hopkins University following standard procedures for sample preparation and data retrieval.[1361... 

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