A CASE STUDY

Adapted from S. Lee and G. Robinson, Process Development, Fine Chemicals from Grams to Kilograms, Oxford University Press, 1995. 

at position 2 there is a substituent cis to the other substituents of the dioxan 

the phenolic and alkenoic acid side chains at positions 5 and 6 have a cis orientation and 

Treatment of the magnesium enolate of diethyl malonate with an aroyl halide, followed by decarboxylation 

Variations in the phenyl substituents were introduced at this stage. 

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The field of gas phase reaction dynamics has been extensively reviewed elsewhere [1, 2 and 3] in considerably greater detail than is appropriate for this chapter. Here, we begin by simnnarizing the key theoretical concepts and experimental teclmiques used in reaction dynamics, followed by a case study , the reaction F + H2 HF + H, which serves as an illustrative example of these ideas. 

The above discussion represents a necessarily brief simnnary of the aspects of chemical reaction dynamics. The theoretical focus of tliis field is concerned with the development of accurate potential energy surfaces and the calculation of scattering dynamics on these surfaces. Experimentally, much effort has been devoted to developing complementary asymptotic techniques for product characterization and frequency- and time-resolved teclmiques to study transition-state spectroscopy and dynamics. It is instructive to see what can be accomplished with all of these capabilities. Of all the benclunark reactions mentioned in section A3.7.2. the reaction F + H2 —> HE + H represents the best example of how theory and experiment can converge to yield a fairly complete picture of the dynamics of a chemical reaction. Thus, the remainder of this chapter focuses on this reaction as a case study in reaction dynamics. 

Neuhauser D, Baer M and Kouri D J 1990 The application of optical potentials for reactive scattering a case study J. Chem. Phys. 93 2499... 

L. W. Bamthouse, R. J. Klauda, D. S. Vaughan, and R. L. Kendak, eds.. Science, Eaw, and Hudson Fiver Power Plants, A Case Study in Environmental Impact Assessment, American Fisheries Society Monograph 4, Bethesda, Md., 1988. 

M. W. Kemblowski and co-workers, "Fate and Transport of Residual Hydrocarbon in Ground Water A Case Study," Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water Prevention, Detection, and Restoration, presented at the conference and exposition. National Water Well Association and American Petroleum Institute, Nov. 17—19, 1987. 

G. W. Ernst and A. NeweU, GPS A Case Study in Generality andProblem Solving, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1969. 

A case study of the hydrogenation of cottonseed oil is made by Rase [Chemical Reactor De.sign for Proce.s.s Plants, vol. 2, Wiley, 1977, pp. 161-178). 

The turbine blade - a case study in creep-limited design... 

A summary of each of the key tools and techniques considered to be important in the product development process is given in Appendix III. This covers such techniques as FMEA, QFD, DFA/DFM and DOE. Included for each is a description of the tool or technique, placement issues in product development, key issues with regard to implementation, and the benefits that can accrue from their use, and finally a case study. It would be advantageous next, however, to determine exactly what a tool or technique does. In general, the main engineering activities that should be facilitated by their use are (Huang, 1996) ... 

Holdrege, J. H., Subler, William, and Frasier, William E, A C. Induction Motor Torsional Vibration Consideration —A Case Study, IEEE Paper No. PCT8/-2, pp. 23-27. 

Tenenbaum. M. (1976) Iron and society a case study in constraints and incentives. Metal. Trans. A 7A, 339. 

It should be emphasized, however, that pollution prevention techniques are, nevertheless, often more cost-effective than pollution reduction through end-of-pipe treatment technologies. A case study based on the Amoco/EPA joint study claimed that the same pollution reduction currently realized through end-of-pipe regulatory requirements at the Amoco facility could be achieved at 15% of the current costs using pollution prevention techniques. 

A. Kalelkar, Investigation of Large Magnitude Incidents Bhopal as a Case Study, Preventing Major Chemical and Related Process Accidents, Symposium Series No. 110, Institution of Chemical Engineers, Rugby, UK, 1988. 

Appendix F is a case study by Hjertager et al. illustrating the above method. Such numerical methods will become more widely used in the long term. These techniques will probably remain research tools, rather than routine evaluation methods, until such time as available computing power and algorithm efficiency greatly increase. 

In this section, three examples of blast calculations of BLEVEs and pressure vessel bursts will be given. The first example is designed to illustrate the use of all three methods described in Section 6.3.2. The second is a continuation of sample problem 9.1.5, the BLEVE of a tank truck. A variation in the calculation method is presented instead of determination of the blast parameters at a given distance from the explosion, the distance is calculated at which a given overpressure is reached. The third example is a case study of a BLEVE in San Juan Ixhuatepec (Mexico City). 

A CASE STUDY OF GAS EXPLOSIONS IN A PROCESS PLANT USING A THREE-DIMENSIONAL COMPUTER CODE... 

The present work will apply one of the above mentioned 3D codes, namely the EXSIM code, to a case study of gas explosions in a process plant. The scenario was specified by Mancini for use in a workshop at a recent conference arranged by the Center for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (CCPS/AIChE 1991). 

Finally, CCPS is grateful to Dr. B. H. Hjertager, Telemark Institute of Technology and Telemark Innovation Centre, Porsgrunn, Norway, for preparing A Case Study of Gas Explosions in a Process Plant Using a Three-dimensional Computer Code (Appendix F). 

At the end of this book you will find a case study describing PSM implementation at "Midwest Chemicals and Plastics."... 

A CASE STUDY ILLUSTRATING THE SYSTEM-INDUCED ERROR APPROACH... 

For each of the stages of the model, Petersen (1985) provided a series of flow diagrams to assist analysts in using the model for incident analysis. These are given in Appendix 2B. The use of the model and the flow charts for detailed psychological analysis of incidents is illustrated by a case study in Appendix 2C. 

Because most research effort in the human reliability domain has focused on the quantification of error probabilities, a large number of techniques exist. However, a relatively small number of these techniques have actually been applied in practical risk assessments, and even fewer have been used in the CPI. For this reason, in this section only three techniques will be described in detail. More extensive reviews are available from other sources (e.g., Kirwan et al., 1988 Kirwan, 1990 Meister, 1984). Following a brief description of each technique, a case study will be provided to illustrate the application of the technique in practice. As emphasized in the early part of this chapter, quantification has to be preceded by a rigorous qualitative analysis in order to ensure that all errors with significant consequences are identified. If the qualitative analysis is incomplete, then quanhfication will be inaccurate. It is also important to be aware of the limitations of the accuracy of the data generally available... 

However, in the case of a root cause analysis system, a much more comprehensive evaluation of the structure of the accident is required. This is necessary to unravel the often complex chain of events and contributing causes that led to the accident occurring. A number of techniques are available to describe complex accidents. Some of these, such as STEP (Sequential Timed Event Plotting) involve the use of charting methods to track the ways in which process and human events combine to give rise to accidents. CCPS (1992d) describes many of these techniques. A case study involving a hydrocarbon leak is used to illustrate the STEP technique in Chapter 7 of this book. The STEP method and related techniques will be described in Section 6.8.3. 

To illustrate how this framework can be realized in the design of computer-based displays, a case study is presented which was conducted for a refinery. 

Murgatroyd, R. A., Tait, J. F. (1987)."A Case Study of the Application of the SHERPA Technique to the Dinorwig Spiral Casing Ultrasonic Testing System." Human Reliability Associates, 1 School House Higher Lane, Dalton, Wigan, Lancs., UK. 

Mardyros Kazarians, Raymond F. Boykin, and Stan Kaplan, "Transportation Risk Managenient-A Case Study," paper presented at AlCliE Loss Prevention Symposium, New Orleans, Apr. 6-10, 1986. 

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