Case studies described

This is the same case study described by Section 3.8. Here, we will tackle the problem through the aforementioned algebraic technique. As has been previously described, the first step is to create the CID for the process streams as shown in Fig, 5.3, Then, we construct the TEL for the problem. This is shown in Table 5.1. 

We now solve the pharmaceutical case study described in Section 9.1.2. using the algebraic cascade diagram. The first step is the constniction of the TID (Fig. 9.10). Next, the TEHL s for the process hot and cold streams are developed (Tables 9.2. and 9.3). Figures 9.11 and 9.12 show the cascade-diagram calculations. The results... 

At the end of this book you will find a case study describing PSM implementation at "Midwest Chemicals and Plastics."... 

The first case study describes the application of the sequentially timed event plotting (STEP) technique to the incident investigation of a hydrocarbon leak accident. Following the analysis of the event sequence using STEP, the critical event causes are then analyzed using the root cause tree. 

The process involved in the incident is concerned with the separation of crude into three phases. The crude is pumped into a two stage separation process where it is divided into three phases oil, gas, and water. The water is cleaned up and dumped to drain. The remaining mixture of oil and gas is then pumped into the main oil line where it is metered and sent on for further processing. A simplified process diagram is shown in Figure 7.1. The case study described here is centered on a flange leak in one of the oil pipeline pumps (pump A) and its associated pressure relief valve piping. 

The case study described here concerns a human factors audit of a computer controlled process system which was being introduced in a distillation imit of a chemical plant. The unit was in transition from replacing its pneumatic panel instrumentation with the new system. However, control had not yet been transferred and the staff were still using the panel instrumentation. The role of the project was to evaluate a preliminary design of the computer-based display system and provide recommendations for future development. 

In all these examples, the importance of good simulation and modeling cannot be stressed enough. A variety of methods have been used in this field to simulate the data in the cases studies described above. Blander et al. [4], for example, used a semi-empirical molecular orbital method, MNDO, to calculate the geometries of the free haloaluminate ions and used these as a basis for the modeling of the data by the RPSU model [12]. Badyal et al. [6] used reverse Monte Carlo simulations, whereas Bowron et al. [11] simulated the neutron data from [MMIM]C1 with the Empirical Potential Structure Refinement (EPSR) model [13]. 

As seen from the case studies described in the previous sections, many investigators use multiple complementary methods to reduce and refine their hit lists to manageable numbers. Often, an inspection step is included, which places a de facto upper bound to the size of the hitlists that are reviewed. 

The case study described here shows that emissions of chemicals, including substances that might be considered as additives in the printed matter life cycle, may contribute significantly to the LCA impact profile. In order to increase the reliability of this result, confirmation, by use of newer and improved LCIA methodology and updated LCI data for the background processes, are desirable. Newer LCIA methodology has actually been used in other LCA studies on printed... 

As sketched out initially, simulation can be used at different points in time of a production system lifecycle and with a different scope (see Figure 2.1). Considering the lifecycle and the scope, the three case studies described in this section may be classified differently, from supply chain to plant level and from planning to daily operation. 

The concepts derived in the previous Chapter are applied in practice by means of a case study, describing a pesticide company struggling with the question of how to improve the safety of their operational process further. The control model derived in the previous Chapter is used to analyse both the controlled process and controlling process with respect to its impact on process safety. 

These different steps are represented in Figure 1, discussed in more detail helow (Sections III-VIII), and illustrated with two examples, taken from the literature. In Section IX, a critical review of some published case studies, describing robustness tests of CE methods, is given. 

The following case study describes the investigation work process for a hypothetical occurrence using a logic tree based multiple root-cause systems approach. An example incident investigation report follows the work process description. The example is intended for instructive purposes only descriptions of process equipment and conditions are not intended to reflect actual operating conditions. 

Deseriptive data are available from reports of humans exposed to 1,4-diehlorobenzene by inhalation (and possibly dermal contact). It is important to note that the case studies discussed in this section should be interpreted with caution since they reflect incidents in which individuals have reportedly been exposed to 1,4-dichlorobenzene, and they assume that there has been no other exposure to potentially toxic or infectious agents. There is usually little or no verification of these assumptions. Case studies in general are not scientifically equivalent to carefiilly designed epidemiological studies or to adequately controlled and monitored laboratory experiments. Thus, the case studies described below should be considered only as providing supplementary evidence that 1,4-dichlorobenzene may cause the reported effects. 

Ocular Effects. One case study describes eye irritation in two individuals exposed to JP-5 vapor for approximately 1 hour while flying a small airplane (Porter 1990). Both individuals experienced a burning sensation in their eyes, and one had itchy, watery eyes 1 day after the exposure. These effects subsided within 24 hours. Hyperemic conjunctiva were also reported for one of the individuals this effect subsided after 4 days. Another case study describes subconjunctival hemorrhages in a man who had washed his hair with an unknown amount of diesel fuel (Barrientos et al. 1977). Effects resulting from inhalation versus dermal exposure could not be distinguished in this case. Eye irritation was not induced in six volunteers by a 15-minute exposure to 140 mg/m deodorized kerosene vapor (Carpenter et al. 1976). 

Abdominal cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea occurred in a truck driver who was exposed to diesel fuel vapor for 10 days while driving a truck with a leaking fuel injector. Acute renal failure was also observed. One case study describes eye irritation in two individuals exposed to JP-5 fuel (kerosene) for approximately 1 hour while flying an airplane. Coordination and concentration difficulties were noted, as were headache, apparent intoxication, and anorexia. Inhalation of 140mg/m deodorized kerosene by six volunteers caused olfactory fatigue in three subjects and a taste sensation in... 

A theoretical example of how to calculate an effect is shown in equation (3) and some practical results can be observed in the tables belonging to the case studies described in Section 3.4.9 (Tables 3.22, 3.24, 3.26, 3.28). ... 

Designing selective libraries implies taking into consideration more objectives than just collecting compounds from various structural classes (32). The sample case study described in this section involves the application of MEGALib to design a library of compounds potentially exhibiting selectivity to one of two related but distinct pharmaceutical targets, namely ER-fl over ER-a. The... 

The following case studies describe typical examples in pharmaceutical powder technology, which illustrate different levels of knowledge as steps on the knowledge pyramid (see Figure 20.2). 

An early case study described a 36-year-old chemist who had worked with radium for 14 years and then suddenly developed acute leukopenia and died of bronchopneumonia within a month after the... 

The following Case Study describes the development of an effective drug for acid reflux, highlights the profitability of such a drug, and demonstrates how quickly competing companies create their own therapies. 

The liver is the primary metabolic organ of the body. For this reason, the liver is where most toxic metabolites are formed and where toxic metabolites do most of their damage. Although the liver is equipped to handle toxic metabolites, its capabilities are finite and can be overwhelmed. The following Case Studies describe the types of toxicity issues that are observed in drugs. 

The WASTOXHAS procedure was applied in a case study involving two kinds of solid waste, a municipal solid waste incinerator Bottom Ash (BA) and a slag from a second Smelting of Lead (2SL). This case study describes the ecotoxicological portion of a multidisciplinary French national research program on the Waste... 

The case studies described in Chapter 9 deal with the occurrence and the behaviour of heavy metals in the pedosphere but the chemometric solutions are, however, in principle transferable to other groups of contaminants, as for example, to organic pollutants, also. 

The case study described here was not constructed around the full set of motives reviewed and empirically explored earlier in this chapter. Nevertheless it does offer some analogies and links to the work already presented and suggests that the multi-motive patterns described do have life-cycle links particularly as they are expressed in preferences for activities in the particular setting. 

Most of the case studies described above are for recombinant forms of endogenous human proteins and human antibodies developed by traditional recombinant DNA technology. Newer technologies now have the ability to engineer... 

We define screening as the search for the most important factors among a large set of factors in an experiment. For example, in our case study described in... 

Hurricane Katrina made landfall on August 29, 2005, with major impact on the U.S. Gulf Coast. The risk for illness related to infectious diseases became a major public health concern. The findings in this case study describe illnesses caused by Vibrio species, including... 

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