Reduction pollution

Increased environmental awareness contiaues to create new challenges as well as a variety of new market opportunities for sulfur producers. Further pollution reduction requirements contiaue to iacrease gradually aoadiscretioaary suppHes of sulfur and sulfur products. At the same time, recycling and reengineering have caused slight decreases ia demand. These trends are likely to contiaue ia the future. 

It will be the responsibihty of industry to suggest alternative control approaches and demonstrate satisfactorily that the proposal is equivalent in pollution reduction, enforceabihty, and environmental impact to existing individual process standards. 

In order to determine if BCT hmitations would be necessary, the cost effectiveness of conventional pollutant reduction to BAT levels beyond BPT levels had to be determined and compared to the cost of removal of this same amount of pollutant by a publicly owned treatment works of similar capacity, if it was equally cost-effective for the industry to achieve the reduction required for meeting the BAT limitations as the POTW, then the BCT limit was made equal to the BAT level. When this test was applied, the BAT limitation set for certain categories were found to be unreasonable. In these subcategories EPA proposed to remove the BAT limitations and revert to the BPT limitations until BCT control levels could be formulated. 

Lack of awareness of pollution prevention advantages. As mentioned in reason no. 5, decision makers may merely be uninformed of the benefits associated with pollution reduction. 

The other major aspect of air pollution reduction is the control of shortterm episodes on the urban scale. This aspect is called tactical because, prior to an episode, a scenario of tactical maneuvers must be developed... 

Other methods which should be mentioned because they show potential benefits for pollution reduction from utility stacks include (1) coal cleaning... 

Specific reduction targets for the different processes are not well established. In the absence of specific pollution reduction targets, new plants should always achieve better than the industry averages and should approach the load-based effluent levels. 

It should be emphasized, however, that pollution prevention techniques are, nevertheless, often more cost-effective than pollution reduction through end-of-pipe treatment technologies. A case study based on the Amoco/EPA joint study claimed that the same pollution reduction currently realized through end-of-pipe regulatory requirements at the Amoco facility could be achieved at 15% of the current costs using pollution prevention techniques. 

This brings us to what the real objectives behind P2 are about. Pollution prevention is a carefully plarmed investment aimed at reducing an enterprise s operating costs through the elimination of harmful pollution. A successful P2 activity is a win-win type of investment — that is, the company not only eliminates pollution at the source, but does so on the condition that, at the very least, the activity pays for itself and, more favorably, provides attractive financial returns. The re-engineering considered for the pollution reduction and/or elimination must meet a set of well-defined financial goals within the enterprise otherwise it is not a worthwhile P2 practice. 

In other words, our primary focus is on waste- and pollution-reduction opportunities if these could reduce energy consumption as well, all the better. If energy usage is a particularly prominent factor, then the team should recommend a separate energy audit. 

Wind energy economics focuses on the fuel-saving aspects of this renewable resource, but capacity benefits and pollution reduction are important considerations as well. The capital costs are significant, hut there is no annual fuel cost as is associated with fossil fuel technologies. Thus, wind energy has been used... 

The example illustrates that a highly positive interaction in terms of treatment potential between aerobic microbial transformations in a sewer and a subsequent physicochemical treatment take place. The total outcome of this interaction in terms of pollutant reduction will depend on the effectiveness of the final treatment step. This result must be assessed by the effects of the resulting discharges of the relevant COD fractions into the receiving water, not as a percentage of a COD reduction at the outlet from the final treatment processes. 

Finally, it is worthy note that regulatory disincentives to voluntary reductions of emissions from petrolenm refineries also exist. Many environmental statutes define a baseline period and measnre progress in pollution reductions from that baseline. Any reduction in emissions before it is required could lower a facility s baseline emissions. Conseqnently, fnture regulations requiring a specified reduction from the baseline conld be more difficult (and consequently, more costly) to achieve because the most easily applied and hence the most cost-effective reductions would already have been made. With no credit given for voluntary reductions, those facilities that do the minimum may be in fact be rewarded when emissions reductions are reqnired. 

Althongh numerons cases have been docnmented where petrolenm refineries have rednced pollntion and operating costs simnltaneonsly, there are often barriers to doing so. The primary barrier to most pollntion rednction projects is cost. Many pollution reduction options simply do not pay for themselves. Corporate... 

Pollution reduction measures within plants that include minimization of spills and modifications in the process through adaptation of cleaner technologies as alternatives to conventional technologies. 

End-of-pipe pollution treatment technologies, which are essential either as a supplement or as backup measures to pollution reduction techniques in order to meet the effluent regulation standards. 

POLLUTION REDUCTION THROUGH PLANT PROCESS MODIFICATIONS... 

The demonstration achieved all objectives and proved that the EDV Wet Scrubbing System with LoTO, technology can easily be applied to FCCU applications for reducing both the NOx and SO, together. The demonstration proved that even when used on an FCCU flue gas, the combination system can reduce SO2 greater than 99% and NO, greater than 90%. In addition, the EDV system s ability to reduce particulate emissions makes this a real all-pollutants reduction system. Figure 17.27 documents the results from the demonstration. 

Class-action torts can play a role in limiting public exposures when the number of plaintiffs is large and the number of defendants is small. As with the other remedies, the major limitation of torts is the inability of courts to determine the sum of the marginal benefits from pollution reduction. 

European eco-labeling of paper products, and in the existing European eco-labeling for cleaners under Regulation 1980/2000/EC. In addition, the EU Commission made further recommendations on risk reduction measures for EDTA. First, it asked EU Member States to establish Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for EDTA, and the national pollution reduction measures to achieve those EQS in 2015 should be included in the river basin management plans in line with the provisions of Directive 2000/60/EC. Second, EU Member States should specify in IPPC permits measures on EDTA to operate to BAT by October 2007, taking into account local circumstances. Further, as BAT is developed, this should be incorporated into the permits. 

Cheremisinoff, PC., Ed., Encyclopedia of Environmental Control Technology, Vol. 6 Pollution Reduction and Contaminant Control, Gulf Publishing, Houston, TX, 1990b. 

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